The Tsar with the dragon tattoo (October-December, 1927).

888" - Eight-hour day banner in Melbourne (Australia), 1856.

The eight-hour workday is today one of the most important legal provisions in labor legislation (and one of the first victories of the labor movement), applied in a large part of the 'economically developed' and developing countries in the World (there are also countries that proclaim such a law, although it is more an 'aspirational' objective than a factual reality in said countries).

As we know it today, this idea was formulated by businessman Robert Owen in 1817 as "Eight hours labour, Eight hours recreation, Eight hours rest" (8/8/8 rule).

Although there were previous examples such as the Ordenanzas de Felipe II/Ordinances of Philip II, in 1593.

The excessively long working day of some workers and the underemployment or partial unemployment of others is still a social problem that affects the modern world.

There is also another series of consequences resulting from extreme working hours and other poor conditions associated with them, such as suicide in workplaces or "overwork death", which exists in certain parts of the world (part of America, Africa, Asia and Oceania).

But after the 8 hours of work, some proposals came to continue reducing the workload of the workers.

In the Free Republic of Germany, Minister Lenin proposed as early as 1919 to create a 6-hour working day: "... The Communist Party must set itself the task of establishing in the future, with a general increase in labor productivity, a working day maximum working time of six hours without reducing the remuneration of the work..."

The reduction of the 8-hour working day became one of the objectives of the Communist project ever since ('from 8 to 7, from 7 to 6, from 6 to 5'). Although of course there were problems in such attempts for decades.

*There is also the proposed four-day work week, which remains an irrelevant topic in most of the world in modern times but exists to some extent in some contexts (a four-day work week implies that students or workers attend four days a week [Monday to Thursday], instead of the usual five, for education or work - giving an extra day for other types of activities).

English researchers in the 1960s believed that with emerging trends of the 1950s-1960s, in the 1980s or 2000s, the length of the work year would be reduced to at least 1,100-1,350 hours, and a four-day/30-hours work week would become typical. Which has not really happened in most countries, although in the future, who knows.

Similar proposals were initiated in Russia during the late 1920s and early 1930s within the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.

Russia had already institutionalized the eight-hour work week and was continually making progress in its socio-economic development (the construction of the welfare state in Russia and the supra-nationality of the Covenant, which within themselves involved numerous progressive revolutions in different fields).

And as a consequence, on October 16 of 1927 (during a Congress of the RSDLP), part of the political youth of the RSDLP began to support the idea of a transition to a 7-hour workday and a 42-hour workweek.

The Premier I.V. Stalin supported the idea that Russian economic realities of the time would support the reduction of the working day:

"It would be a mistake to think that serious cultural growth of the members of society can be achieved without serious changes in the current state of work.

To do this, it is first necessary to reduce the working day.

This is to ensure that members of society have enough free time to receive a comprehensive education.

For this, it is necessary, in addition, to introduce compulsory polytechnic education, which is necessary so that members of society have the opportunity to freely choose a profession and not be chained for life to a particular profession..."

But the idea was actually adopted rather by the vanguard of Stalinist heirs and the new RSDLP youth that was arriving at the moment.

Kirov and Zhdanov, very focused on industrial and cultural economic policies, adopted the idea of the need for the introduction of the 7-hour working day.

And accompanied by these was the rise of new generations of the RSDLP in different chapters/contexts.

More famously, in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a young Arvo Kustaa Halberg, who was just beginning to associate with the RSDLP in 1927, also took among his objectives the reduction of the 8-hour working day.

Although it is true that the increase in productivity, historical economic changes and the experimental results of said reforms can support the reduction of the working day, this is also dependent on certain contexts.

The reduction of the working day in the European Socialist Union and Russia was stopped by the Third World War (1937-1943).

And it is a fact that the Third World War generated important social, economic and political events that changed the realities of different countries in different ways. Who really knows what a world without World War III would be like...The working day and the world labor situation was really affected by the Third World War and the realities after it.

For example, the United States, went from a de-facto planned economy to the first neo-liberal experiment (there are several names or adjectives to describe the American economy, but it would be more appropriate to say that it has numerous causes and characteristics that we cannot detail at this time, since it is a long process).

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A young Arvo Kustaa Halberg (center) with his parents, Susanna and Matti Halberg - Arvo Halberg would led the Finnish chapter of the RSDLP for around 40 years.

Today in the Russian Empire, various leftist movements or parties support the idea of going towards a 6-hour workday or a 4-day workweek (called "четырёхдневка/chetyrokhdnevka" in Russia - "chetyrokhdnevka" means literally "Four days"). And there are figures who support this idea, such as the Russian scientist in the fields of philosophy and economy, Mikhail Vasilyevich Popov (Doctor of Sciences in Philosophical Sciences, Professor at the Petrograd State University and Member of the Petrovskaya Academy of Sciences and Arts).

*******

[Denmark in the roads of Europe]

The 1924 Danish elections for the Folketing ( lower house of the Danish Parliament or Rigsdag) had resulted in the creation of the first social democratic government in Denmark (and one of the first modern social democratic governments in the Europe and the World in general).

This gave rise to a minority cabinet-government led by the Social Democratic Party of Thorvald Stauning (after this, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Denmark).

The 1926 election to the Folketing retained a Social Democratic Party majority, although they did lost some seats.

During this initial period Thorvald Stauning and his Social Democratic Party took important steps in the construction of a modern welfare state, but important changes began to occur in the internal policies of Denmark that began to cause breakdowns in the country.

1-On October 17 of 1927, the Social Democratic government of Thorvald Stauning proposes a referendum to amend the Danish constitution, to be held close in time to the next Folketing elections in 1929.

2-The 1928 elections for the Landsting (upper chamber of the Rigsdag) were approaching.

The referendum of 1929 proposed in 1927, had the objective of 'simplifying' the process of the Danish legislature at that time, since Thorvald Stauning's Social Democrats had encountered problems in realizing all their objectives.

In short, the main changes in the proposed constitution of 1929 were:

Replace the Landsting (upper house) with a new chamber of parliament called the Rigsting.

The united parliament or Rigsdag, formed by the members of the other two chambers (Rigsting and Folketing) would become a third chamber of parliament.

The Rigsdag would handle the more important types of bills (including the national budget and proposed changes to the constitution), while other bills could be proposed and discussed in the Folketing or the Rifsting.

In order to pass, a bill would have to go through three readings in the chamber in which it originated, and two readings in the other (in the previous process all bills had to go through three readings in each of the two chambers).

Lower the electoral age from 25 to 23 years.

A relatively simple reform, but which was partly used as a trigger within Denmark for the various problems that Danish society was going through at the time.

Logo of the Social Democratic Party of Denmark.​

Although the Social Democrats made what today see as simple progressive reforms, were not to everyone's taste at the time. They brought compromises that did not really solve or satisfy many of the party-ideological lines, geo-politcal realities and socio-economic needs of that time (after the Great Depression, two Great Wars, and the rise of Totalitarisms in Europe, etc).

There was also obviously a Social Democratic divide, for example more conservative often supporting reactionaries within Denmark, in the process this kind of division resulted in a deepening the country's divisions.

There were essentially three positions that were, in one way or another, against the status quo supported by the Social Democrats and whose constitutional referendum was seen as insufficient, ineffective or negative.

The position of the ultra-left: Communists, members of the Kommunistisk Føderation (Communist Federation) led by the Danmarks Kommunistiske Parti (DKP, Communist Party of Denmark) associated with the European Socialist Union.

The position of the ultra-right: The so-called Danish Social Aristocrats and other reactionary forces inspired by the Imperial Federation and its Scandinavian-Germanic allies in the Danish army-police, politics, church and capitalism.

It also had elements from the liberal Danmarks Retsforbund, the Conservative People's Party and the Social Democratic Party.

The third positionists: A relatively heterogeneous group of supporters of the Covenant of Nations and the Russian Empire, who wanted to see Denmark more united to the Russian-Covenant camp.

Film of Danish Communists in a parade.

"Long live the General Strike"

Ultra-right march in Denmark around the 1930s.

Danish receiving Russian soldiers, offering food, small gifts and bunches of violets.

Russian war-invalids greeted at Elsinore, north of Copenhagen.​

Was there anything the Danish Social Democrats could really do?

In a short answer, coming from historical hindsight: No.

We are talking about Denmark being in the middle of various antagonistic forces (at the time of the Little Cold War), without economic, political or military capabilities to really defend itself from foreign interference and forces that were involved in the country.

A problem that was much more difficult to solve than during the Great Cold War.

*Weapons of mass destruction of the same scale did not exist, therefore the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction did not exist to help calm the crises of the moment.

**For obvious reasons, a nuclear program could not be created to serve as a defense of national sovereignty.

*The balance of great powers was different and there were no other international organizations such as the United Nations (neither were the so-called 'Non-Aligned Countries', but these during the Great Cold War are not exactly a power in itself... they are quite disappointing).

*What's more, Denmark was in the middle of three blocks that knew that sooner or later there was going to be a third world war, while a World War IV is a rather feared prospect...

Denmark itself was not in any politico-military bloc or sphere, while all of its neighbors or major partners were in some kind of political, economic, and military alliance system.

Russia across the Baltic Sea led the Covenant of Nations, to the south were the two opposing Germanys (one that was part of the leadership of the European Socialist Union and the other that was part of the London axis), and to the north was the Social Aristocratic Scandinavia (add that Sweden would go full-Hitlerist in 1928), aligned with the Imperial Federation which itself was just crossing the North Sea.

In the other hand, the Social Democrats of the Government were, at least officially, members of the Labour and Socialist International, which was a supposed rival of the Third International or Comintern founded by the European Socialist Union.

The problem was that unlike the Comintern, the LSI had no real power over its members or coordinated actions, rather it served as a federation of fully independent and autonomous political parties.

In short, it was an organization that ran like a headless chicken and was really ridiculous on an international level compared to the Comintern (or any real international organization of the time to be honest).

*

"The Heaven is high, but the emperor is far away"

-Chinese saying.

Honestly, Nicholas doesn't usually think about his cousins (inside or outside Russia).

He sometimes meets with his cousin King Carl from the Faroe Islands, mainly because the islands are observers of the Covenant and they both like to complain a lot about the British. But aside from that, Nicholas doesn't think much of his extended family.

Too many distant cousins and too much annoying etiquette for a man like him.

This is why unlike his mother or father, and even siblings or childs, Nicholas didn't really like or care about visiting Denmark

Cousin Christian was a particular nuisance, always trying to talk to Nicholas about 'royal dignity' and the like. They were two authoritarians, but from very different branches.

Fortunately on this occasion most were fixated on Cyril, who was becoming a bit more adventurous without his siblings and now brought his young daughter Anastasia, who was a novelty in Copenhagen (and had the attention of most of her relatives).

"Hello uncle" The crown prince Frederik greeted Nicholas entering the room. It wasn't inconvenient to call him uncle, Nicholas was 2 years older than Frederik's father after all.

"How are you?"Nicholas says back with calm.

"Well, I'm still in the navy." The crown prince mentions with some pride. Nicholas was expecting some small talk, but then his cousin or 'nephew' shows him a recently done tattoo.

"Now that's what I'm talking about." Nicholas exclaims excitedly, still 59 years old, rolling up his sleeves a little to speak alongside the younger Frederik.

The emperor is really far away, but he is still human.

Unfortunately, many members of his family left before him.

main-qimg-5988f758865d7bb273fd4c9e443f6be3-lq

A much younger Nicholas II with its tattoo.​

*******

[United Nations 'begins' to form]

Before the modern United Nations Organization (UN/UNO, ONU, etc), there was already a kind international law (Geneva Conventions) and international organizations for certain matters (see the International Red Cross developed during the times of the first two Great Wars).

But the closest thing to the United Nations as a concept predates the late 19th-early 20th century.

In "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch" (1795), the philosopher Immanuel Kant proposed the idea of creating a league of nations to control conflict and promote peace among the different countries of the world.

Kant's proposal was not a world government, but rather a proposal that each country declare itself a 'free state' that respects its citizens and foreign visitors as fellow rational beings, promoting a peaceful society worldwide.

During the first two Great Wars, international public support for this type of project gained some strength and there were utopian thoughts such as the Wilsonian movement in America, which had some publicity in their national context.

But they did not really materialize in great advances towards an international organization of diplomacy against conflict or other world-problems.

It is in 1927 that the first steps were taken towards the creation of the modern United Nations.

It was not so much a result of Internationalist and Pacifist movements, but rather a result of foreign policy initiatives and domestic policy developments of the great powers of the time.

On November 30, the countries of the European Socialist Union proposed the creation of a League of Nations (LN/LoN).

Shortly after, on December 17, the United States under Ford proposed the creation of a Union of Nations (UN, similar to the United Nations).

Both proposals sound similar, since they speak of an international action with common objectives (mostly international peace and military disarmament), but there are important structural differences in these proposals and different details such as the international reaction.

The League proposed by the European Socialist Union (with Germany at the head) was a series of international organizations with administrative and legislative powers for "immediate" peace and disarmament, and gradual decolonization. All of this organizations would be under a permanent 'Common Secretary'.

The Union proposed by the United States would rather function as a single international organization dedicated to arbitration and conciliation for gradual peace and disarmament. There were no talks for decolonization or a unified secretary-council, but this proposal included 'making public' the diplomacy and politics of the member states, so that national and international public opinion would avoid conflicts and support some resolutions.

Both proposals had a rather legalistic approach, unlike the modern United Nations, the League and the Union were rather projects for an International Court and not for a continuously present organization such as the UN is today. Although we must recognize that these were initial proposals and that they advanced the cause,

Both proposals also received naturally different responses.

The creation of the League of Nations was considered by many to be a communist ruse (so there was not only opposition to the idea of demilitarization, but to communism and associated movements - so the opposition come even from some rather-'neutral' minor countries of the time). The Imperial Federation in particular was much more strongly opposed by the clear anti-colonialist intentions proclaimed by the European Socialist Union.

The Union idea was received more neutrally, but there was really no support for it either.

None of the proposals convinced the Imperial Federation or Russia, and without any of the great powers, there would really be no international action.

So, we can understand why the Imperial Federation opposed the proposals of the European Socialist Union and the United States (it was not in their ideological and geo-political interests).

But why would Russia, which after the Third World War would be one of the countries that would found the United Nations and advance causes such as decolonization, was neutral to the American and Euro-communist proposals of late-1927?

After all at that time Russia was in a strategic alliance with the European Socialist Union, was already laying the foundations of the East African Federation in one way or another and was not in direct competition with America.

We can say that it was mainly a case of different approach.

As we mentioned before, both proposals were very legalistic, they were international justice organizations that did not really advance the interests of the Russian Empire (or its strategic allies).

The idea of the Common Secretariat proposed by the European Socialist Union, but what really interested Russia (and later the rest of the post-WW3 powers), was the idea that we know today as the United Nations Security Council and the power of Veto of the Permanent Members of the UN Council.

This new post-WW3 approach resolved many of the deficiencies of the utopian internationalist ideas of the inter-war period, but in return it had to limit the interests of the great powers.

All the powers had to be there or the United Nations was useless, and incidentally each of these great powers needed certain interests. What led to the creation of permanent members and the power of veto in organizations such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).

Russia's foresight in this regard comes from two important reasons: Its dominant position in the Covenant of Nations (experience in supra-national organization and geo-political vision that supports a more practical creation regarding the League or Union proposed in 1927) and Russia's strategic alliance with emerging powers such as Ha'il (which in its time was a newcomer not yet taken into account by the American and British Imperials, or the internationalist utopian projects of the white countries).

It is not a perfect model, but it is the World Order that was formed after the Third World War and that still reigns for the moment in the current world (and that offers a certain 'balance' in the context of the Great Cold War).

Of course, the imperfection of the United Nations when dealing with certain issues generates criticism and protests in certain states or organizations, which have proposed the need for changes.

In more recent times, for example, Libya and Chile have proposed the need to introduce all UN states into the UNSC as "permanent members" (a category that under said premise, would no longer be necessary) and abolish the power of the Veto in democratic decisions of world security and peace.

This may seem like an extreme and/or utopian position, but there are similar proposals, ways that seek to rectify the weak representation of developing countries, and of the rest of the regions of the United Nations Organization, through the creation of more permanent seats, not permanent seats, and even the creation of a category of semi-permanent members.

What would entail the modification and review of the voting methodology, and therefore, of the veto power of some countries.

Movements that would initiate important changes in the global geo-political situation or even threaten the very existence of the UN, if we are pessimistic (and we trust that the great powers would back down in their support for the organization due to the loss of privileges).

*******

[International]

October 1, the "photoradio" makes it into the news for the first time in the United States when Carl Laemmle, President of Universal Studios, transmits various contracts over great distances via this technology.

We are talking about one of the predecessor technologies to the fax machine (by this time, +similar technologies existed in the Imperial Federation and Russia).

October 2, death of Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist who in his paper "On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground" first described the greenhouse effect.

The greenhouse effect is today one of the elements that help us understand climate change and the effects of humanity on its environment.

October 4, Samuel Louis Warner (co-founder and CEO of Warner Brothers Productions) dies at age 40 as a result of a mastoid infection, one day before the premiere of the company's hit film, The Jazz Singer.

October 8, one of the first examples of "using downed aircrews as bait to ambush rescue forces" in the history of modern warfare.

Sandinista guerrillas in the Federation of Central America shot down a United States Air Corps biplane near Jicaro (Nicaragua), to later intercept the rescuers (in the process, killing four members of the Central American National Guard/Guardia Nacional and wounding some members of the U.S. Army forces).

Two Americans would survive from the downed biplane, Second Lieutenant Earl Thomas and Sergeant Frank Dowdell, later executed by the Sandinistas.

October 10, the Palace Museum Library (part of the palace complex of the Forbidden City) formerly limited to use only by the family and staff of the Emperor of China, was opened to scholars in Beijing (Republic of Zhili, part of the Covenant of Nations).

October 15, with the expansion of the Baba Gurgur oil fields (south of Kirkuk, Baghdad/North Iraq) the growth of the oil industry in the Middle East continues (both in the Covenant of Nations and the Emirate of Ha'il, whose cooperation makes up the largest oil production block worldwide in the 20th and 21st century).

The dictator of the Prussian Republic of Germany (better known as East Germany), Manfred von Richthofen, proclaims himself "Guardian of the Constitution" (yet another title for his long list of 'jobs' as dictator of Germany) after the abolition of the Staatsgerichtshof, at the time the highest court in East Germany.

In a drive-by shooting on Manhattan's Norfolk Street, Louis "Lepke" Buchalter killed Jacob "Little Augie" Orgenstein (Austrian-Jewish mobster) and wounded Jack "Legs" Diamond (Irish-American mobster).

October 16, in Chou K'ou Tien/Zhoukoudian (Republic of Zhili) the first archaeological remains of the 'Peking Man' (later known as Homo erectus pekinensis) are discovered.

The first evidence was a tooth, but over the next few years more specimens and information about this discovery would be founded, which turned out to show specimens of Homo Erectus, dating back more than 300,000 years in some cases.

October 19, the British slightly remodel the border between the territory of Johor and Singapore, giving it its modern form.

The relationship and situation between the old British territories in what we can identify as Malaysia is somewhat complicated, the result of the creation of the Thai Canal, civil wars of an ideological and ethno-cultural nature, and the Third World War.

October 25, sinking of the Brazilian transatlantic ocean liner Princesa Maria Francisca near Porto Seguro (Bahia, Second Empire of Brazil), due to the explosion of its boilers (which resulted in the death of 293 of the 1,256 people on board).

Nearby ships were able to rescue 963 persons who had been on board (from 998 passangers and 258 crew-members), but the others were missing (they are presumed to have gone down with the ship).

One of the best-known tragedies of its time, especially in Brazil (the ship was curiously named after the second daughter of Emperor Dom Pedro III, it is suspected that the explosion could have been a terrorist attack... but nothing is really confirmed as a lot of events).

October 30, Prime Minister Ioannis Rallis (one of the three leaders of the Peloponnesian dictatorship alongside King George II and Prince Alexander) is shot by a Peloponnesian waiter (Zafioios Goussies) as he leaves a conference with Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis.

The assassination attempt is unsuccessful, and the rule of the second Rallis continues for now.

October 31, the Japanese fishing smack Ryo Yei Maru is spotted near Cape Flattery, Washington State (USA).

When the American freighter Margaret Dollar arrived to rescue the Ryo Yei Maru, the fulll story of the end of the ship was discovered. The ship's engine had failed during a gale on December 23 of 1926, and so the men on board slowly died of starvation (with the last one succumbing on May 11).

Having drifted around 8046 km (5,000 miles) since the fail of the engine, the ship was towed into Seattle, were a Buddhist funeral ceremony took place for the 12 men and the vessel was burned.

November 1, the Republic of China under the interim government of Liao Zhongkai takes its first steps towards greater socialization of the economy.

Many landowners died during the civil war and the last remaining ones are taking major blows as the Liao Zhongkai government supports the massive creation of peasant associations.

Most of these associations obtain the rights to the land that Chinese peasants farm, in the process supporting lower rents, anti-landlord boycotts, and collective welfare activities.

During this time the idea of the Republic of China (ROC) evolving into the Chinese Socialist Republic (CSR) was relatively popular, but of course many developments disturbed the Republic of China later (especially Chinese Trotskyism).

*Different personalities from different fields (historians, political scientists, economists and others), especially outside of China, debate the state of socialism in Southern China.

Some argue that socialism in China began under Liao Zhongkai and others argue that it is later to Liao Zhongkai's presidency. The current state of socialism in China is also debated (some say it continues to exist, others that it stopped existing decades ago, and others argue that it never existed in the first place).

November 3, prostitution in the Prussian Republic of Germany is abolished, ending what was known until then as the 'Bremen System' (legalized and state regulated prostitution).

Although prostitution in East Germany was legally abolished, de facto it would continue to function and even 'flourished' to some extent during part of World War III.

*In West Germany, prostitution was not technically prohibited per se, but people related to this type of activity could be prosecuted under other types of laws (laws against the participation of minors in prostitution, pimping and the maintenance of brothels).

November 5, start of the campaign against the Ikhwan in the Emirate of Ha'il, as part of the state's anti-Wahhabi campaigns.

The Ikhwan were a religious militia, drawn mainly from Bedouin nomads recently converted to Islam and financed by the House of Saud (old rivals of the House of Rasheed, which ruled the Emirate of Ha'il).

The Saud were stopped during the 1910s, but this dynasty had already been founding the Ikhwan since at least 1902.

The Ikhwan were relatively unimportant, but had reverted to many of their nomadic ways and had been attacking workers and police in various parts of the country, which led to some form of state intervention.

By 1929, most of the Ikhwan were wiped out by the anti-Wahhabi campaigns and the little rest of the militia died some time later.

November 7, the Vatican answering the request of an American Roman Catholic bishop, gave its blessing for marriages performed in airplanes as "Provided other ecclesiastical formalities are complied with, there is no reason to prohibit these marriages".

November 10-12, several delegates from different countries and intellectuals (scientists, artists, etc) meet at initiative of the Internationale Arbeiterhilfe (International Labor Aid) and Ligue contre l'impérialisme et l'oppression coloniale (League Against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression ) in the city of Brussels, in the European Socialist Union.

The International Labor Aid and the League Against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression were two organizations of the European Socialist Union (based in Germany and France respectively), with the aim of providing social services to workers and fighting against imperialism.

Thanks to these two foundations, the 'World Congress of Friends of the European Socialist Union' takes place, which formed the Association of Friends of the European Socialist Union.

Envoys from 43 countries declared that the war against the European Socialist Union (and therefore the socialist project) would be considered the greatest crime against humanity. This recognized the 'enormous victories' of the working class within the ESU, calling on 'all the progressive peoples of the Earth' to defend and protect the ESU by all possible means and to thwart anti-socialist attempts at national-international level.

In essence this was another ESU effort on several fronts, both propagandistic and real. With the help of the ESU Friends Association, many socialist films were spread and many leaders of the national liberation movement were coordinated against Imperialism.

*The International Labor Aid and the League Against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression, but the Association of Friends of the ESU continues to exist, and there are special heirs of the League Against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression in part of the non-aligned movement.

(OOC: I also wanted to write about a Association of Friends of Russia, but maybe for later!)

November 14, in Pittsburgh at 8:45 am there is an explosion of a natural gas storage tank belonging to the Equitable Gas Company, resulting in 26 deaths and 465 injuries.

November 15, from Hamburg astronomers Arno Wachmann and Arnold Schwassmann discover the most regular outbursting comet, 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann (also called Schwassmann–Wachmann 1).

November 17, President Henry Ford I of the United States of America declared in a speech to the Union League of Philadelphia that America was in a "great era of prosperity".

About 5-6 years later the Crack would happen, making clear that really America was not in a very great age of prosperity.

November 19, at Wichita (Kansas, USA) the first Phillips 66 service station is opened, inaugurating the chain of gasoline and auto repair centers (as curious fact, in America the first filling station was opened in 1907, so 20 years before the first service station of the Phillips 66 Company).

November 21, the Columbine Massacre takes place (which at least 5 dead), when the Colorado State Police open fire on 500 ruthless miners on strike on a property of the Columbine Mine Rocky Mountain Fuel Company, in the town of Serene, near the city of Lafayette.

(OOC: Not a dark joke made by me, but by fate, this event was called the Columbine Massacre until the 1999 event in Littleton, Colorado - searchable as Columbine Mine massacre, or first Columbine massacre).

November 23, American pilot Rusty Rowell locates the secret mountain base of El Chipote, then used by the Sandinista rebels for raids against the Central American National Guards and American troops in the Federation of Central America.

November 27, foundation of the first modern professional music educational institution in the Republic of China (ROC), with the creation of the National College of Music in the city of Shanghai. This institution is the predecessor of the Shanghai Conservatory of Music.

Xiao Youmei (noted Chinese music educator and composer) worked as the first Dean of Studies.

November 30, failure of the European Socialist Union proposal for the creation of a international organization (which would have been the predecessor of the modern United Nations).

December 1, Li Yunhe (李雲鶴 - birthname: Li Shumeng/李淑蒙), then 13 years old, is forced to move from her birthplace (the Republic of Shandong) with her mother, 1 year after the death of her father (whose relationship with Li Yunhe's mother was rather illegitimate) due to some problems with the law.

This is how Li Yunhe would end up in the Republic of China, where she would later become part of the CPC's Communist Cultural Front.

Li Yunhe is one of the few notable personalities who, being born in the Northern Chinese States (in Russian sphere of influence), emigrated to Southern China. Perhaps the nature of the Northern Chinese States is what later made her one of the figures of the mobilization of the 60s-70s and the Revivalist movement ("Worship of Ancient Classics and Styles").

December 2, several delegates from member countries in the European Socialist Union vote on the proposal to abolish the death penalty in the ESU.

Previous polls and voting results finally maintain the death penalty as a criminal sanction within the European Socialist Union.

Currently globally, there are four 'categories' of countries and the death penalty as a criminal sanction:

*Abolished for all crimes (including war crimes).

*Valid for crimes committed in "exceptional" circumstances (crimes against humanity).

*Admitted as a criminal sanction (but it has not been applied in long time).

*Admitted as a criminal sanction (and applied regularly).

December 6, Colonel Juan Aberle and Major Alfaro Noguera attempt to stage a coup in the Salvadoran portion of the Federation of Central America, by seizing the central police barracks in San Salvador.

The attempt is however so poorly planned, that is soon suppressed by the national forces.

There is little information about the perpetrators, but perhaps they tried to take advantage of the situation that the country was going through (fight of the central government against the Nicaraguan Sandinistas).

December 9, the American newspaper The Washington Herald (owned by William Randolph Hearst - American businessman, newspaper publisher and politician known for developing one of the nation's largest newspaper chain and media company, and also because of his yellow journalism and sensationalism), publishes a front-page story about how the government of the Free Republic of Mexico, led by President Felipe Carrillo Puerto, had bribed several senators to advance Mexican interests.

In other case this actually could be good for President Henry Ford since he was precisely supporting bad relations with Southern Mexican country, but the Washington Herald story blamed National Republican senators, and this was not something the Fordist government would capitalize.

Hearst was a Democrat, who originally had a 'progressive' appearance in the early 1900s, but was increasingly going conservative and reactionary with the years (a trend that largely dominated the late-Democrats and continues to remain a part of American politics). Until finally he joined the 'Wilsonian' wing of William Gibbs McAdoo Jr (supported by the KKK).

And as a Democrat, he naturally had a number of opinions against Ford (such as his diplomatic relations with the Imperial Federation) and the National Republican Party.

The senators denied the accusations and both the United States government and the government of the Free Republic of Mexico questioned the authenticity of the documents presented by the Washington Herald.

December 10, the House voted to confer the Medal of Honor upon Colonel Charles Lindbergh (at the time one of the favorite sons of American propaganda).

December 13, Charles Lindbergh makes a non-stop flight from Washington DC to Monterrey (which works as capital of the United Mexican States, an American puppet state), where he tours for a while.

A curious fact is that many times he got lost because he did not know Spanish, for example one time he flew in low enough to spot the word "Caballeros" at one railroad station and could not find it on his map (before learning later that it was the word for "Gentlemen" on a men's bathroom).

December 16, General Edwin B. Winans (superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point) announce that the annual Army-Navy game of college football would not be played in future seasons, after negotiations with the U.S. Naval Academy failed.

Army-Navy games of football (a sport rivalry of the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy of West Point against the Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy of Annapolis) would not be renewed until 1930...only to be stopped again a few years later in 1933 (due to issues related to the Crack of 1933) and renewed for the last time after 1937.

December 19, first time in the history of Vatican City were there are as many non-Italians as Italians in the College of Cardinals, as Pope Pius XI (Pietro La Fontaine of Venice) appointed five non-Italian men to fill vacancies in the College of Cardinals (at that time, made of 66 members - today there are more than 220 members in the College).

December 21, inauguration of the Ethnological Missionary Museum (part of the Vatican Museums) at the Lateran Palace.

December 23, Frances Wilson Grayson and three other men ( Oskar Omdal a Lieutenant of the Norwegian Navy, Brice Goldsborough and Frank Koehler), begin the Atlantic voyage of the Dawn (an amphibious aircraft belonging to the Russian 'Sikorsky' lineage of planes).

Frances Wilson Grayson was promoted during decades as the first woman to pilot by herself across the entire Atlantic Ocean, although this claim was later contradicted (as quite probably Oskar Omdal piloted the Dawn for part of the journey). She wrote a lot of books and years later make some other records, but we should not underestimate her relationship with certain politicians playing a role in her later career.

(OOC: There are other things awaiting Amelia Earhart in the future).

December 25, several revolutionaries of the Dalit caste (of an 'Untouchable' nature) carry out a massive burning of copies of the Manusmriti (the Hindu holy book that established the rules for the caste system in India) in the city of Mahad (located in Maharashtra, Western-Central India).

The jurist-lawyer, economist and professor Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is part of this campaign of revolutionaries protesting the untouchability in Indian society (and that partly works as a political tool).

Ambedkar was surrounded by the Indian Communists and/or Socialists, and was part of various factions or branches of the same movement in the 1930s to 1950s, but in general his early career was largely as part of the against-untouchability campaign of the Dalit revolutionaries.

December 26, brothers Joseph Henri Honoré Boex and Séraphin Justin François Boex at least partially introduce the word "astronaut" during a meeting with the Société astronomique de France (French Astronomical Society).

At the time the European Socialist Union was seeking to establish an annual award for outstanding work in promoting manned spaceflight, and several people were asked for a descriptive word for space travel.

The brothers (science fiction writers) proposed l'astronautique (using the Greek rootwords for 'navigation of the stars').

Technically and more popularly, "Astronaut" is a term used to refer to all humans trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve aboard of a spacecraft.

*Generally this requires a certain level of professionalism (Astronaut being understand as 'professional space traveler'), but the term astronaut could also be used to refer to anyone who travels to space (scientists, politicians, journalists and tourists, among others). Due to this some space agencies had proposed the term "spaceflight participant" to non-professional space travelers (who are in rise due to space tourism).

But there are countries that use different terms:

-The Covenant of Nations uses the term Cosmonaut, from the Russian космос/kosmos (which also has Greek roots).

-Finnish Cosmonauts are sometimes called "Sisunautti", which comes from the Finnish word and concept of "Sisu".

-France sometimes call a native who have gone to space Spationaute (translated into English as Spationaut - this term comes from spatium Latin-word for "space").

-Both Germany's use the term "astronaut" in conjunction with word Raumfahrer for German space travelers.

-In India the national terms are Vyomanaut (from the Sanskrit व्योमन्/Vyoman, meaning 'sky' or 'space') or Gagannaut (from the Sanskrit word गगन /gagan, also meaning 'sky').

December 29, the eruption of the Perboewatan and Danan undersea volcanoes (near Krakatoa) creates the foundation for a new island (today know as the Anak Krakatau Island).

[Unknown date] - Quite possibly, during the years 1926-1927, the period of gathering information from the American Jewish community by researchers from the Imperial Federation in America began.

In 1934-1935 (before World War III), the compilation of information was completed, which created the book "Statistics, Media, and Organizations of Jewry in Canada and the United States" and other imperial archives.

Such research offered details about the Jewish population in the Americas (especially North America), from large cities like Montreal and New York, to smaller communities across the continent. Information that would be used to execute the genocidal plans of the Imperial Federation.