Icy land and hearts (January-March, 1921).

Russian Culture: The Russian Civil War]

It must be understood that historical events do not only have important political or economic effects, they also affect things as 'simple' as popular culture (which includes music, art, fashion, architecture, sculpture, etc.).

The Russian civil war that began in 1920 was no exception.

Although obviously Russia, continued to carry traits that came from generations ago, it had to respond to the Russian civil war.

In short, due to the Russian civil war, there were cultural changes during and after this event.

In a sense, although there would be similarities, but at the end of the conflict, post-war Russia would simply not be the same as pre-civil war Russia.

During the war itself, numerous forms of propaganda against the rival developed on both sides.

In particular the Legitimists had much more resources in this regard (compared to the Directorate of Kolchak), outside of traditional propaganda (posters, newsprint and the like), the Legitimists used many other mass media.

Like for example the cinema, production companies like Mosfilm developed material to support the cause of the legitimate-loyalist government and its war effort against the Directorate.

The Directorate was much more traditional and limited propagandistically.

They were able to mobilize part of the population, but they never fully exploited the potential of the modern media of that time.

Outside of literary-visual materials (posters, newspapers, pamphlets, etc.) or radio communications (in particular speeches or similar, of which few survive today).

After the conflict, a cultural base that was a answer to the events of the Russian Civil War (its development and results) would continue to develop.

In the Russian Empire in particular the 'Istern' (И́стерн) was developed, literally translated as 'Eastern'. A genre very similar to the American Western or the Red Western of Socialist Europe.

The Eastern of the Russian Empire is a genre that is usually located in a period of time close to the Russian Civil War, but more specifically to its conflict in the Asian regions of the Russian Empire.

After the first boom of the Eastern genre, it spread a little more to other regions of the Russian Empire, not so affected by the civil war, and even other historical periods (such as the Russian colonization of Siberia or those of Russia in Asia).

Generally these films have a high representation of the Asian peoples of the Russian Empire (Mongols, Caucasian peoples, and natives of Central Asia) and are filmed in Mongolia, the steppes of the Caucasus or Central Asia.

During its second boom in popularity, the Eastern genre expanded to areas in the traditional sphere of the Russian Empire, especially in Eastern Europe-the Balkans and the Middle East-Anatolia (with Persia in particular being prominent in its production of 'Eastern'-genre films ).

Returning to the issue of propaganda during the civil war, as explained, the Loyalists in Moscow had much more time, resources and experience to produce propaganda material than the Directorate forces.

And through propaganda, they won allies and support from the public.

The stage of the civil war was an interesting stage of development, especially in Mosfilm (a film production company in the city of Moscow, capital of the Russian Empire).

Many famous filmmakers, producers, directors, and screenwriters during the post-civil war era had a favorable early takeoff in their careers thanks to their involvement in wartime propaganda creation.

In particular, personalities such as Sergei Eisenstein or Mao Zedong (who also participated beyond propaganda production, and supported the war effort by participating directly at the front).

*[Annex:After the war comes 'Icy Land']

After the war, the first effects of this in Russian popular culture came out early, and we mean as early as 1924 or 1926 (although of course, not all films of that time have survived).

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The main actors/characters of Icy Land.

1924's "Icy Land" was practically the first post-war film of the Eastern genre.

Unfortunately it has not survived complete, but there are still some images and data about this material.

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Georgy Pozharnitsky as the White Baron (a reference to the Black Baron, Pyotr Wrangel).

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Mikhail Frantsevich Lenin (born as Ignatyuk, Lenin here comes from 'Lena' his first wife), was in the role of Admiral Alexander V. Kolchak in Icy Land.

Icy Land was filmed in the Altai Mountains, southern Siberia and Central Asia.

The film depicts the fight between the loyalist forces and their local militias, against the Directorate forces (in particular the forces of Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov, although Admiral Kolchak appears in the film) in the Far East.

Naturally, this film ends with the victory of one side over another.

*******

[Russian Civil War]

*[Logistic]

Although for a long time the Russian Empire placed a particular emphasis on the development of its logistics, the beginning of the Russian civil war and the year 1921 brought various problems to the situation of the Empire.

Not only because of the civil strife, the division of state entities (and the country's assets) and of course the chaotic nature of the conflict, but there were also factors beyond human control that complicated the situation.

Heavy snowfalls occurred in various sectors of the empire and severe droughts, which caused various problems in the transport of supplies throughout various regions of the Russian Empire (including its groups in conflict).

Both the Legitimists and the Directorate forces had industrial centers that were very useful for the war effort, but the season and year posed various problems.

The Directorate of Alexander V. Kolchak seized some of the most fertile regions of the Russian Empire (southern Russia) and with this they were able to fuel their war effort in the region.

In Central Siberia the Directorate took over one of the industrial hearts of Russia (created to prevent the loss of industrial assets in case of an invasion, this region proved to be very useful for Kolchak), and its geographical position also allowed them a remarkable defense or attack against vital points of the loyalists.

In the Baltic some ports had been obtained (with their portions of naval officers loyal to the Directorate), railway lines and other useful industrial assets.

The problem was of course that the Directorate was much more geographically disunited than the Legitimists, some way was needed to unite all the cliques to form an effort that had a chance of defeating the Legitimists.

And for this fuel was needed.

The problem is that most of the oil, gas and energy production was in the hands of the loyalists, who owned the South Caucasus and the largest industrial-productive centers of the Russian Empire (Moscow, Petrograd and other center cities of European Russia).

In addition, the legitimists were not going to starve, it is true that they had lost southern Russia (which was in essence, Russia's basket, allowing a large production and export of agricultural-livestock goods) but they still had various areas that had been become agriculturally profitable during the reign of Tsar Alexander III.

Some rationing measures simply had to be put in place, something the Russians had had experience with since the Second Great War (WW2).

The Directorate at the moment did not need to worry so much about this (with the food reserves of the points taken by the forces loyal to Kolchak), but it is true that the lack of trade and the blocking of resources from the rest of Russia was a problem that should to be resolved immediately.

And for this, more territory had to be conquered against the enemy forces.

*[Caucasus]

January 20-22, the South Directorate begins its operations to conquer the North Caucasus (in this way, the Directorate forces could threaten-take the oil resources of the Loyalists, or by cutting off the land supply lines of the loyalists).

Through the lands of Rostov-Kuban, Skoropadskyi and Kaledin mobilized Cossacks and Directorate forces towards the North Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea.

The objective was if possible, to obtain the lands from Rostov-Kuban (Krasnodar, Rostov and Adygea) to the lands of Dagestan, Kalmykia and Astrakhan (through Stavropol, Chechnya, North Ossetia, Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria) .

The problem of course was that this would be a difficult fight, not only because of the geography of the northern Caucasus, but also its native peoples.

Diverse and strong peoples, who could perfectly carry out an opposition that would be disastrous for the Directorate forces (for something the Russian Empire of yesteryear had taken decades, if not centuries, to pacify different Caucasian peoples).

This is why Skoropadskyi and Kaledin forced the Black Hundreds and other militant groups to take a 'favorable' stance towards the Caucasian peoples, at least during the war against the loyalist forces.

The initial advance to the flatter lands of the North Caucasus was successful for the advance of the Directorate, but then serious problems began in the struggle in the region.

I start the fight for Tsaritsyn.

The forces of the region were in favor of the central government, and marched south and west to attack the Directorate positions.

This attack effectively forced the Directorate to stop and first focus on taking over Tsaritsyn.

Otherwise, the Directorate of the South's efforts in the North Caucasus would never be safe, since Tsaritsyn effectively controlled a strategic position in the region.

And obviously the Legitimists knew it, so Tsaritsyn was quite well fortified and supported with the Legitimist resources against the Directorate.

Hundreds of thousands of Russians clashed in this single battle for Tsaritsyn, which spanned more than a year.

Probably militarily, the Directorates cliques in the South, the Baltic and Central Siberia were the most successful, or difficult to topple, for the loyalist forces.

*[Little Directorate of Abkhazia]

On February 11, with the north blocked by the Battle of Tsaritsyn, the Directorate of the South managed to make some minor progress in promoting collaborators in Abkhazia (Transcaucasia or the South Caucasus).

In particular due to the weakness of the Menshevik opposition in the region (led by Irakli Tsereteli and Noe Zhordania). Without strong leadership like the rest of the legitimist regions, there were problems in various regions of Georgia.

Armenian, Azerbaijani and Ossetian forces nevertheless managed to keep most of Georgia under control, except for the aforementioned Abkhazia (which had a kind of Small Directorate, supported by the Black Sea Fleet in favor of Kolchak and the Southern Directorate of Wrangel and Skoropadskyi) led by Giorgi Kvinitadze.

As a result of this seizure of power, led by anti-communists who broke away from the Georgian Mensheviks led by Tsereteli (aligned with Kerensky's Trudoviks) and the Georgian military man Giorgi Kvinitadze, the native Abkhazians of the region began to form a resistance against the Little Directorate.

Supporting the loyalist forces who wanted to crush Kvinitadze and his associates.

On February 15, the Transcaucasian Security Commission was created headed by General Anatoliy Gekker (Georgian), Anastas Mikoyan (Armenian) and Sergo Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze (Grigol Konstantines dze Orjonikidze, Georgian).

This commission had the objective of getting rid of anti-government or seditious elements and against the loyalist faction in the South Caucasus, in the process leading operations to crush rebels like Kvinitadze.

So not just the Directorate, but the Transcaucasian Security Commission was one element in the purges against other figures in the South Caucasus.

By March 17, Gekker's 9th South Caucasus Division was able to advance on the Little Directorate terrain, effectively crushing it.

But obviously, with the war still raging, the commission's activities did not stop. Mikoyan and Ordzhonikidze eliminated a remarkable series of 'enemies of the state' between February 1921 and November 1922.

*[Far East]

February 22 of 1921, begins the Far East Campaign of Roman von Ungern-Sternberg against Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov and Dmitry Leonidovich Horvat.

Ungern-Sternberg, leading Russian and Mongol forces, essentially waged a campaign of terror against Directorate positions in the Far East.

It was hard to say if Ungern-Sternberg could beat Semyonov and Horvat on his own (with Damdin Sükhbaatar and his allies in the Northern Chinese States and Mongolia), so Roman von Ungern-Sernberg developed his own plan.

Ungern-Sternberg was not the best strategist, but even he knew that with the start of the Russian civil war, it was better for him not to give Semyonov a direct fight.

So Ungern-Sternberg took advantage of another strategy, hit and run.

In this way Ungern-Sternberg and his troops could focus on preventing Semyonov and Horvat from performing their tasks and attacking other loyalist positions.

Thus giving more time to other loyalist forces, such as the troops of Vladivostok, Manchuria and Korea.

Ungern-Sternberg forces began attacking peripheral positions of the Directorate of the Far East, destroying communication lines, transport lines, supplies, and bases that could be of use to them.

Continually refusing to give Semyonov or Horvat a full showdown. While there were clashes, after the initial clash the Ungern-Sternberg group regrouped and withdrew, threatening the Directorate back shortly thereafter.

With this process they attacked day and night, and even Ungern-Sternberg was able to threaten some notable victories over the Far East Directorate.

But obviously Semyonov and Horvat could not sit idly by, and began to develop plans to deal with the loyalist Ungern-Sternberg forces.

*******

*[Perspective]

"I still can't understand how you allowed Abkhazia to fall." Premier Stalin indicates to Irakli Tsereteli, accompanied by the cabinet of ministers of the Russian Empire and Tsar Nicholas II.

"Some ... some of the ... Mensheviks and Georgians of Abkhazia support the cause of the Directorate. The Abkhazians are forming an opposition of course, but Colonel Kvinitadze took over some of the main assets of the region and the loyalty of Georgian troops. " Tsereteli tries to excuse himself as he allowed the formation of the Little Directorate of Abkhazia.

"And now because of that we have a problematic situation, ethnic conflicts between the Georgians of the Directorate and the Abkhazians." Tsar Nicholas II exclaims in annoyance, the ethnic conflict was a serious problem for the Russian Empire.

"I can figure it out." Tsereteli assures, still a little nervous. Not even Kerensky could be very supportive of him in this situation.

"Sure, but first you must execute these 5000 Mensheviks." Premier Stalin exclaims signing a list.

"I think 4900 executions are enough." Nicholas II adds.

Tsereteli's face was blank when he saw the list of Georgian Mensheviks.

"Hey ... It's a joke." Premier Stalin exclaims laughing, the Tsar soon followed suit. "You can retire Tsereteli, but seriously. This is a terrible failure for the Mensheviks' position in Georgia." The Premier adds, and a chill ran down Tsereteli's spine.

Central figures of the Russian Empire were holding a dinner, in this case by the Premier's team of cooks, there was traditional Russian food and traditional Georgian food.

"Reports indicate that our reserves of equipment in the rebel sectors was captured, but we still have thousands of farms and factories at our disposal to replace lost equipment." Brusilov exclaims as he eats.

"All right, when should our operation against Kolchak be ready?" Tsar Nicholas II asks curiously while drinking water.

"We should be starting our invasion of Central Siberia between April and September of this year. Ungern-Sternberg also seems ready to dock with Semyonov soon." Denikin reports while Brusilov had his mouth full.

"Perfect, I think it's time to finish talking business at the table." Tsar Nicholas II exclaims after drinking, continuing with his food.

"Not quite, of course if you will excuse me, Your Highness." The luncheon guest exclaims, Acting deputy Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze.

The tsar finishes chewing. "What happen?".

"Sir, I think it is obvious that Tsereteli's rulings can be resolved through a special commission." Makharadze exclaims at the Tsar's permission.

"Send your proposal to my desk and to the Duma as soon as possible." Tsar Nicholas II calmly and confidently followed, so Makharadze soon followed.

"Tsereteli is surviving the usefulness of him, and there are chauvinistic tendencies within Mensheviks and members of the RSDLP that we have to deal with." Premier Stalin indicates after seeing Makharadze's proposals. "They are asking for too much autonomy from Moscow and troublesome tendencies for non-Georgians."

"So we have to get rid of both, the question is who to replace them with?" Tsar Nicholas II asks nonchalantly.

"I am in favor of continuing the war like anyone else. Would purging our members now not be problematic for our war effort?" Kerensky indicates with concern.

"Up to a point, but it's better to start now than later. We are purging elements with a Kolchak lean, so we have a strong excuse." Brusilov indicates. "For the most part we have the South Caucasus secured with our Armenian and Azerbaijani allies."

"So ... let's form a special commission as Makharadze wants, but we use it to eliminate him and Tsereteli." Tsar Nicholas II proposes.

"I have the ideal people for this project." Directors Stalin and Dzerzhinsky exclaim at the proposal.

"Very well, then I will initiate the proper judicial process. But then I think it is necessary that the Trudoviks also win some of this." Justice Minister Alexander Kerensky exclaims.

General Anatoliy Gekker, Anastas Mikoyan and Sergo Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze (Grigol Konstantines dze Orjonikidze) were put in charge of the Transcaucasian Security Commission, charged with fighting against the Directorate and its possible allies there.

*******

[Purges and Democracy]

Perhaps the Imperial Crisis had escaped further than Tsar Nicholas II and his circle of trust had hoped for, but it was still a perfect situation for them.

The development of a civil war in the Russian Empire was very useful for the objectives of the loyalist government, since it was a blank check to eliminate all the unwanted elements of Russian society.

Political parties were briefly banned, and only some were able to adequately re-form under this period.

The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of Premier Iosif V. Stalin and his associates, the Labor Party (Trudovik) of Minister Alexander Kerensky, the International Workers Party of Russia of Lev Trotsky and the Russian People's Party of Boris Savinkov.

With the rest of the parties de-facto eliminated, the circle of trust could effectively divide the pie of influence and political power in Russia.

Purges were also carried out in the armed forces, led especially by the Minister of War and General Aleksey Brusilov along with Anton Denikin and others.

The existence of unfair cliques to the emperor (who chose to ally with Kolchak) meant the need to eliminate any element of the armed forces that was not in line with the state.

These purges yielded remarkable results, not only positive, but certainly gave birth to the future generation of the Russian armed forces. With men like Zhukov, Rokossovsky and Tukhachevsky standing out after the initial purges during the Russian civil war.

And thanks to the betrayal of Prince Felix Felixovich Yusupov, Count Sumarokov-Elston, and other big capitalists, the state could take over new economic assets.

Effectively eliminating notable opposition outside the political-military sphere of Russian society.

These early purges of First Stalinism were perhaps brutal (in the style of Tsar Nicholas II) but certainly justified during the civil war period, and they prevented the spread of problematic ideas within the Russian Empire.

At least when they were directed against Directorate members and traitors, but even these early purges had excesses.

The purges of this time included the elimination (direct or indirect) of other elements, under the justification of the aforementioned civil war.

The Stalinist wing of the RSDLP began to attack Lev Kamenev's wing and in the process also purged Mensheviks, 'Chauvinists', Separatists and other entities deemed problematic for the loyalist faction's war effort.

The New Russia plan of Tsar Nicholas II and his associates required sacrifices, and the opposition could not be allowed to stand up and advance during or after the civil war.

An example is that those elements that were outside the ideas of what the central government would define in the future as the Russian law (various subjects like national autonomy, civil liberties, democracy, etc), were purged (purge in this context means several things, removal from public life, forced retirement, arrest or execution).

Examples of purges for political purposes include Mensheviks such as Irakli Tsereteli or Noe Zhordania, members of the RSDLP itself such as Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze, and members of the right who could no longer be integrated into other parties (such as the Russian People's Party of Savinkov).

Kerensky's Trudovik party also benefited from these purges, as it eliminated the last opposition from his leadership and was able to increase their numbers by absorbing moderates from the dissolved political parties (including some of the purged RSDLP from Kamenev's wing). .

Some opposition and foreigners categorized this as a return to monarchical absolutism prior to the democratic reforms of Tsar Alexander III.

The problem is that Russia was never liberal to begin with.

During this period, it became clear that the Russian Empire was something ... quite strange.

They were not questions of supporters of democracy against an authoritarian military coup attempt.

It was a clash between different views, true, but none was 'democratic' in the Western sense of the word (like the United States or the definition of the Imperial Federation). Nor were they democratic visions in the socialist sense of the word.

"Russia does not want an outdated Western democracy.

Democracy, as defined by Greeks and later Americans or French liberals, has profoundly failed to resolve various issues.

Despite what foreigners think or want for us, democracy without features that suit Russia, are doomed to fail.

The democracy that emerged after the liberal revolutions like the American Revolution, the first French Revolution or Hispanic American independence, simply has not adapted to 20th century Russia. We must not and we will not adopt foreign models of democracy. "

-Premier Joseph / Iosif V. Stalina on Russian People's Democracy, or democracy with Russian characteristics, a theory developed by the RSLDP about the management of Russia.

"Russia can only be properly governed through an extensive administrative system, with intense consultation and deliberation.

A firm but fair hand, with a silk glove.

From the base of our nation, to the highest levels of it. In its various forms and levels, the state must interact with its population in all kinds of matters, so that it has continuous input in the decision-making process.

After all, we can only make functional and adequate decisions, if we have from the highest levels, all the information and possible confidence of our population. "

-Tsar Nicholas II.

We can say that the 20th century was a century of crisis for Democracy built in the 19th century or earlier.

It just seemed to have become obsolete or found oppositional models that were remarkably popular in various regions.

Russia had its model, and Red Europe followed the concept of 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat'.

Ideas that although they could use words or concepts associated with democracy, were generally considered anti-democratic by many people (liberals, capitalists and others).

For many, the concept of choosing people every few years to do leadership and decision-making work no longer seemed so successful or useful.

And it is partly associated with the increase in totalitarianism or other ideologies in the first half of the 20th century.

The Imperial Federation was effectively abandoning Western liberal democracy, the United States was becoming increasingly polarized, and dictatorships were advancing through parts of Latin America, etc.

*******

[Montenegro]

March 1, 1921, King Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš passed away after years of liberating the country.

In these times of war, the Kingdom of Montenegro and several Balkan monarchies mourn the death of the old king, however Russia was in civil war and the Russian royal family cannot attend personally.

Despite everything, Russia in general shows solidarity with the lost Montenegrin.

However, it is not the end of the problems, since on March 5, without clear reasons, the heir of King Nikola I, Crown Prince Danilo Aleksandar Petrović-Njegoš rejects the throne of Montenegro (with the aim of moving to another site as the situation calms down).

This meant that the throne passed to Danilo's young nephew, Prince Michael Petrović-Njegoš of Montenegro (son of Prince Mirko), who was barely 12 years old at this point in 1921.

The problem is that young Michael did not really want to be the ruler of Montenegro either, and it was clear that all this had hurt the situation of the Montenegrin monarchy in the short, medium and long term.

For the moment the regency council had kept things under control, but it was difficult to know what would happen to the Montenegrin monarchy.

It was clear that Russia could play a vital role in such a decision, from the possibility of a union between Serbia and Montenegro, to perhaps simply a change of ruler or dynasty.

*[Perspective]

In honor of the death of Nikola I, Moscow was in mourning.

However, few people could be sadder than Empress Elena, daughter of the late monarch.

The empress was alone in a private room, she was strong but still it was better to have a moment alone.

Emperor Nicholas II knocked on the door.

"Yes?". The empress asks politely.

"I asked your sisters for some help. I have a gift." Tsar Nicholas II indicates calmly, waiting for the Empress to open the door.

Elena's sisters Princess Milica and Princess Anastasia of Montenegro were married to members of the Russian royal family, respectively Grand Duke Peter Nicolaievich of Russia and Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaevich of Russia.

Once Elena opened the door she let Nicholas II through, but she did not find any 'simple' gifts. The emperor had a box, which he placed near a table.

"What is that Nicholas?" The empress asks curiously.

"... Open it for yourself!" The emperor exclaims animatedly.

The somewhat confused empress decides to do it, the box is full of old photographs of the king and his family and Montenegro.

"Oh Nicholas ..." The Empress mentioned delightedly.

The emperor placed a hand on the empress's shoulder and hugged her. "Thank you for supporting me when my father died. It is my turn to do something similar."

*******

[International]

January 1, the Socialist Republic of Turkey increases its debt with other countries of the Red Europe, to continue paying for its economic reconstruction efforts.

With the start of the Russian civil war, the Turkish Socialist Republic saw geo-political problems: Socialist Turkey lost a regional trading partner due to the reorientation of the Russian economic situation, with its neighbors (Silicia and Ionia) reorienting towards other issues, such as helping the legitimist government in Russia (damaging Turkish economy heavily) and also the Red Turkey lacks the strength to try something separately (basically the idea of recovering lost territory is out of the question).

This is why Mustafa Kemal is forced to increase the debt of the Turkish Socialist Republic.

January 2, the constitution of the Socialist Republic of Ireland is slightly amended, leading to the formation of more autonomy in municipal-regional affairs for Irish trade unions.

This project was supported by William O'Brien, Gray Eminence of the Irish Trade Unions in the government of President Connolly.

Partly because of the idea that workers' cooperatives would be a more useful path to socialism for the Irish. After the socialist revolution, Connolly wants to prevent Ireland from falling back under British imperialism (literally, through force, or figuratively, through British economic and cultural influence in Ireland).

And for this, Ireland had to be very independent (almost autartic), which could only be achieved (in the thinking of the Irish socialist government at the time) through local autonomies.

Of course, these autonomies still had to follow some designs and programs of the central government, which also monitored these unions, municipalities and autonomies strongly (seeking to cut counter-revolutionary elements).

January 4, Amelia Mary Earhart joins the first Trotskyist group in the United States, founded by C.L Bargwald, which broke away from various factions of the S-CPUSA.

January 5, major traffic problems in New York, when more than 40,000 cars are affected by "the most radical change in traffic rules in the history of New York" (changing the route through Times Square to northbound only on Broadway and on Seventh Avenue for five hours each night).

January 6, Japanese immigration (due to the problems in the Empire of Japan) expands notably towards Latin America (in particular focal points of countries such as the Empire of Brazil, Federation of Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay, Free Republic of Mexico , Peru-Bolivia and Gran Colombia).

Partly because of racist laws in the United States, which make Japanese immigration to areas like California problematic.

It is not that Latin America does not suffer from racism, but the legislation is not as anti-Japanese as in the USA (where states like California block Japanese attempts to buy land in the region).

To attack the growth in popularity of the S-CPUSA, the alliance of the Nat-Republicans and Democrats seeks to increase government positions that are easy for them to control in certain states.

In particular, seats for Senators and Congressmen.

Through a vote by a special committee, the N-R and Democrata alliance achieves this goal (increasing the number of representatives to 483). Today, one of the reasons why the U.S. House of Representatives has more than 500 members is due to this alliance and its effects.

On January 10, several of the Brazilian communist guerrilla leaders go to Red Europe, where they become more familiar with the socialist power centers worldwide.

In the future these Brazilians will return to support the communist effort in the Empire of Brazil.

Despite the successes of the American reconstruction in New England, led by the National Republican Party (especially by Prescott Sheldon Bush), corporations in the region announce a drastic reduction of wages to their workers (ranging from 20% to 25%, with a 22.5% decrease for almost all textile workers).

January 11, suppression of pro-reform (reforms especially related to land ownership and other civil rights) and anti-colonialist riots in Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh, then part of the British Raj) by British troops with local allies (especially the upper class).

As a result of this there are important developments in the Indian class consciousness and its communist movement, which are extremely important for the late 1930s in India.

January 17, first public presentation of the illusion 'sawing a woman in half' by the British-English magician, P. T. Selbit.

The American military-industrial complex and its influence in the United States continues to grow during the Ford administration.

January 18, Reza Khan Pahlavi becomes one of the greatest business-commercial leaders of the Qajar Dynasty.

After the Russian loyalists and the Iranian government (Shah Iraj Eskandari, war minister Feyzullah Mirza Qajar and Prime Minister Soleiman Mirza Eskandari) succeed in eliminating the anti-Russian and anti-interventionist business leaders (who did not want to support the loyalists in the Russian civil war and moving away from the Russian countryside).

With this purge, many assets were nationalized or went to allied hands, and one of the biggest supporters of the new Qajar-Eskandari Dynasty government (and therefore one of the biggest recipients of benefits) was Reza Pahlavi.

January 19, the Treaty of San Jose is made for the merger of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica into a single republic, a project called United Provinces of Central America (a quest to recreate the Federal Republic of Central America).

Although delegates were elected for each state, no participant ratified the treaty. They simply made progress towards the resolution of local conflicts and some economic agreements.

January 21, death of the president of the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy, Costantino Lazzari, due to various complications in his health.

Lazzari was practically president of the FSR of Italy since its founding after the Socialist Revolution in Milan, which dethroned the Kingdom of Italy in Continental Europe.

Lazzari was initially a hard-line and revolutionary Maximalist, but he became more reformist and 'soft' as he grew older in power. Although everyone had criticism of Lazzari and his stages in the government, anyway every socialist-anarchist group in Italy praised him as the father of Red Italy.

Because Lazzari died before the end of his presidential term, the Italian national assembly had to choose a successor (interim president).

Who turned out to be chosen as Lazzari's successor was the young Amadeo Bordiga, supported by the Left Communists, Anarchists, Syndicalists and Reformists (of a social democratic or 'democratic socialist' tendency).

Bordiga's election is especially opposed by members of the more conservative Old Guard, who prefer the 'New Order' of southern Italy. The triumvirate composed of Palmiro Togliatti (the politician), Benito Mussolini (the military man) and Antonio Gramsci (the scholar).

"Hurray for Communistm!"

-Final words of the inaugural speech of Bordiga, who soon had to face the New Order after being elected.

Bordiga would try to implement during his tenure as Interim President, privatization reforms and 'free market socialism'.

January 22, Frank Arthur Vanderlip Sr. becomes notably relevant in the United States, when he works with Henry Ford's National Republican Party to form the "Council on Foreign Relations."

This Council would aim to be a body of 30 American business and political leaders who would direct American relations with foreign nations and would be a watchdog of the United States Department of State.

Not only this, but Ford and Vanderlip Sr. envisioned this body as a replacement for the Senate in treaty making.

Through measures similar to this, Ford was attacking and undermining those elements that did not fully align with his vision of America.

Mainly because of the clashes between different factions of the Senate in foreign policy, which made it difficult for Ford to act (at least in his opinion).

Soon the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation began to contribute large amounts of money to the Council, which began to gain prominence within the government and the State Department. In the process increasing its membership of government officials and income.

January 25, advances in science fiction.

Karel Čapek's popular science fiction work "R.U.R" ("Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti" / "Rossum's Universal Robots") opens in Prague, Czechoslovakia, introducing the word 'robot' into world languages.

R.U.R is the name of the company, described in the opening exposition, as created by Dr. Rossum to build artificial servants.

Before R.U.R, artificially created anthropoids (such as Frankenstein's monster or modern versions of the Jewish golem legend) acted destructively on a small scale, generally.

But Čapek was one of the first to see robots (although truth be told, Čapek robots are more like 'androids', defined in modern popular culture) as an extension of the Industrial Revolution and thu , Čapek gave them a reach capable of global transformation (making Čapek the father of the robot apocalypse idea).

Robots are now a widely accepted concept in works of fiction-science fiction, having expanded from 1921 onwards.

February 2, the British National Liberation Army is formed by the militias against the British tyranny of King-Emperor Edward VIII and his associates.

This BNLA then carried out its first major attack, detonating an improvised explosive device to carry out an assault on one of the armories of the police forces.

The operation turned out to be a notable terror movement, but it failed strategically. At least 1 of the BNLA members died, and they stole the weapons ... but not the ammunition.

(OOC: Based on an event in my country XD).

The explosives ambushes continued until 1922.

February 3, thirty-six unemployed workers and six Chilean Army soldiers died in a confrontation with a greater number of unemployed workers at the San Gregorio saltpeter factory.

Chile has been in a bad position since the Great Depression, and is barely recovering thanks to British support (which owes a great debt to the Imperial Federation) and the Latin American allies of the British bloc.

February 4, due to his health problems, Dimitrios Rallis resigns as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece (Peloponnesian dictatorship) and leaves his position to his son Ioannis Rallis.

Ioannis now works with King George II (nationalist-militarist leader) and Prince Alexander ('neutralist' leader) to lead the country.

The Japanese count and general, Tanaka Giichi, tries to oppose the dictatorship established in the Empire of Japan, through a kind of coup, sending a series of divisions to march on the Japanese capital (Tokyo).

But divisions loyal to Tanaka Giichi fail in battle, and as a consequence, the count is trapped by troops from the dictatorship.

The fighting and violence between the IJN and the IJA intensifies. But the loss of Tanaka Giichi (who died shortly after being executed at the hands of the central government) and other of his associates, is a severe blow to the IJA forces that oppose the dictatorship (and that affects their anti-dictatorship efforts during this period). epoch).

February 6, trade relations between the United States and the Imperial Federation are on the rise.

February 10, the IJN dictatorship in the Empire of Japan purges Yukio Ozaki and other liberal opposition figures due to their anti-dictatorship attempts (which included not only opposition to the larger crimes of the military government, but also things as simple as opposition to Imperial Japanese Navy projects, budgets, etc).

February 12, Winston Churchill retakes and gains even more popularity in the ultra-nationalist political scene of the Imperial Federation, due to his promotion of strict measures against separatism in the British colonial empire and the militant opposition (British National Liberation Army) .

By September of 1921, Winston Churchill will become Prime Minister of King Edward VIII due to the death of Louis Alexander Mountbatten.

The various political parties in the United States (especially the S-CPUSA and the National Republican Party) celebrate Abraham Lincoln's birthday.

This is the result of separate initiatives by various leaders (Eugene V. Debs and Henry Ford), who praise Lincoln's work and / or legacy.

February 13, the Polish Legion and various Polish separatist attempts surrender to the loyalist forces of the Russian Empire, from February 13 to 7 weeks later.

This surrender is due to the failures of the separatists to achieve viable assets for Polish independence, and the combined opposition to separatism from both sides of the civil war (and non-Polish ethnic groups in the Polish Congress).

Despite this ruling, the Polish Government in Exile continues to call for Polish independence.

February 16, typhus epidemic in Central Europe stops immigration from this region to foreign countries for a time.

February 18, Argentina's armed forces and economy are suffering serious problems, as a result of economic problems and the chaos resulting from social problems in and around Buenos Aires.

Because of this, there is a lack of supplies and materials in various parts of the state and society, which results in notable discomfort.

February 19, the Nat-Republican and Democratic alliance in the United States Senate passes the Dillingham Immigration Act, providing a limit for the total number of incoming immigrants from a particular nation, to no more than 5 percent of the 1910 US population of natives of that nation.

This effectively attacking the increase of minority populations through immigration.

February 20, the Sikhs of Punjab increasingly begin to join the region's independence effort against British colonialism after the death of 260 anti-colonial activists of Sikh origin at the hands of the British and their allies during the month of February.

March 1, the census of the Empire of Japan reveals a population of 56,961,140 people in the home archipelago (not counting Vietnam or Taiwan).

Death of King Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš of Montenegro.

On March 5, for reasons mostly unknown, Prince Danilo Aleksandar Petrović-Njegoš abandoned his claim to the Montenegrin monarchy.

March 2, a pro-Kolchak clique from the Baltic fleet briefly seizes the Kronstadt fortress, near Petrograd.

This rebellion lasts until March 18, but allowed minor advances to the Baltic Directorate in Latvia (until the Baltic allies of the loyalists such as Jukums Vācietis, Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas and Petr Stuchka with Latvian-Estonian forces, could do something).

March 3, the Danish Institute for Theoretical Physics (now Niels Bohr Institute) is created at the University of Copenhagen, under the direction of physicist Niels Bohr.

In the United States, Henry Ford and the National Republican-Democratic alliance narrowly avoided a congressional resolution to overturn emergency legislation created during WW2.

Through this, measures passed during wartime are prevented from ending, allowing the National Republicans and Democrats to maintain remarkable control in the United States against troublesome elements (in particular by targeting the S-CPUSA).

Crown Prince of Japan Hirohito became Lieutenant Commander of the Navy. A title is purely symbolic (like Hirohito's titles in the IJA) but it helps propaganda measures of the IJN and its dictatorship in Japan.

The country is progressively becoming more isolated, as it is in a complicated stage of economic crisis and pseudo-civil war.

March 4, Henry Ford is re-inaugurated for his second presidential term.

Problems between the United States and Greater Colombia intensify, troops from Panama (a territory associated with the United States) have an incident with troops from Greater Colombia.

As a result of this, Gran Colombia continues to orient itself towards the Impe Federation, while Ford solidifies US control over Central America (Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala).

March 6, the President of the Union of Iberian Socialist Republics (Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Ibericas), Francisco Largo Caballero, makes announcements declaring that his last presidential term will take place during this decade (planning to move to a lesser position, as minister).

With this news, we must say that there are several possible heirs for President Francisco Largo Caballero:

* José de Sousa and José Carlos Rates are two communist politicians of Portuguese origin who are possible candidates, as leaders of the Communist Party of the Portuguese Socialist Republic.

From the struggle between Sousa and Rates comes in part the rise of the young politician Bento António Gonçalves, later General Secretary of the Portuguese Communists.

* Antonio García Quejido, current vice president of the Iberian Union, is a possible candidate. He very followed by César Rodríguez González and José Bullejos Sánchez.

* There are also new generations of anxious communists, such as Dolores Ibárruri Gómez and José Díaz Ramos.

In this same period, Marino Bodenmann became President of Socialist Switzerland, with Walther Bringolf as Vice President and Jules Humbert-Droz as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

In general the communist government of Switzerland has a troubled history for various reasons, rooted in Bodenmann's cabinet elections and the nature of the establishment of communism in Switzerland (plus the formation of Red Europe as a more advanced bloc).

March 8, Iberian anarchists try to carry out a terrorist attack on the life of President Francisco Largo Caballero, but they fail to kill the soon-former President.

March 10, Theodore Roosevelt III joins the ranks of the progressive Democrats, seeing the problems of the right-wing populism of the National Republican Party and the conservatism of the main factions of the Democratic Party.

After 1921, Theodore Roosevelt III would join the S-CPUSA considering progressive Democrats as 'lazy' incapable of truly helping the United States.

Former Prince Carol of Romania has his first child, Michael (named Mikhail in Russia, since he born there) with Countess Alexandra Constantinovna von Zarnekau.

March 13, Francisco Largo Caballero officially leaves the presidency of the Iberian Union, becoming the country's Minister of Labor.

The elections are soon held, where the ex-vice president of Francisco Largo Caballero, Antonio García Quejido, takes the victory and, therefore, the presidency.

Quejido's vice president is José Bullejos Sánchez, with whom he made an alliance against César Rodríguez González.

This alliance of Quejido and Bullejos Sánchez in turn invited a new generation of communists to the government against their enemies, which would later bring the successful careers of politicians such as Bento António Gonçalves (of Portuguese origin), Dolores Ibárruri Gómez (of Basque origin ) and José Díaz Ramos (of Sevillian origin, Andalusian Socialist Republic), to counterbalance the old guard.

March 15, the persecution against the old war criminals of the Ottoman Empire in the Republic of Cilicia finally ends after the execution of Talaat Pasha, an old leader of the Young Turks responsible for the murder of Greeks and Armenians.

After this President Ahmet Rıza Bey reaches the peak of his popularity in the liberal-leaning republic. He ruled as president-elect until his death in 1930.

March 17, the 'President of Poland in exile', Edward Rydz-Śmigły, draws up his own constitution for an independent Poland, despite the surrender of the Polish Legion during the Russian civil war.

March 19, in the United States the Dust Bowl begins.

A period of dust storms that significantly affected the ecology and agriculture of the American prairies (and in part of other places, such as Canada).

The lack of application of rainfed agricultural methods did not help, although occasionally there were favorable climatic conditions.

Anyway there were problems especially in 1921-1925, 1927 and 1930-1931. Some regions of the High Plains (sub-region of the Great Plains) experienced drought conditions for up to eight years, and there were large numbers of deaths as a result of the effects of the Dust Bowl.

March 20-21, great economic successes in the Free Republic of Germany after the implementation of economic reforms by Karl Liebknecht and Vladimir Lenin.

Soon the 1924 elections were approaching, and Liebknecht was likely to step down from power.

During 1924 and 1935, similar to other socialist countries in Europe, the generational change of Red Europe would be seen, which was built on the basis of the results of socialist projects during these times.

March 21, birth of Vasily Iosifovich Dzhugashvili (also called Vasily Stalin), son of Premier Iosif V. Stalin.

March 22, the Socialist Republic of Turkey with its funds begins a great campaign of construction and re-construction of roads, railways and new assets related to public transport.

Having succeeded in the cultural revolution, purges, educational reform and state-military reorganization, Mustafa Kemal aims at modernizing the country and attacking tradition-superstition.

March 24, death of Pope Pius X (James Gibbons), the first American Pope and strong proponent of a laborist and humanitarian Christianity, who reigned the Roman Catholic Church from 1903 to 1921.

Among the candidates for pope were around 54 cardinals, including Enrique Almaraz y Santos, José María Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia, Giuseppe Prisco, Lev Skrbenský z Hříště, Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, William Henry O'Connell of Boston, Denis Dougherty of Philadelphia, and Louis-Nazaire Bégin of Québec City and many more.

They mainly met cardinals from the Americas and Europe.

The Papal Conclave of 1921 (held in April) later elects Pietro La Fontaine of Venice as Pope.

Pietro La Fontaine then became Pope Pius XI.

Pietro La Fontaine / Pius XI was defined as a simple-pastor at heart, and was known for his gentleness and his welcoming nature in whatever position he held (bishop, cardinal, patriarch and later Pope).

Pius XI continued the line of his predecessor, as a deeply humanistic pope with a tendency toward left-wing Christianity.

March 27, a fire in Tokyo, Japan, destroyed 1,000 buildings and caused damages for $12.5 million dollars.

March 31, the Imperial Federation enters a State of Emergency as the British National Liberation Army and Commons militants begin to cause various troubles in the Home Islands.

Effectively initiating the intervention of the armed forces in political-administrative matters, truly initiating the British civil-military dictatorship and the beginning of civil conflicts in the United Kingdom (central part of the Imperial Federation).

"I affirm today, once again in transcendent circumstances for the life of the nation, our deep democratic vocation and our adherence without reluctance to a popular political and social organization, related to the coexistence of the peoples of the Imperial Federation.

Therefore, we reject any ideology that tries to take advantage of the generosity of the British man, to present itself as a saving doctrine and end up as an instrument of totalitarian oppression.

That's right, we are talking about Marxism and any similar ideology, propagated by the enemies of the British people and their state. Followers of this ideologies, are now running through the streets, violently attacking our loyal officers.

These steps that we are having to take, does not lead and will not limit the rights of the human person, nor their freedoms.

For the surveillance and protection of rights and freedoms, we are ourselves. But also to further ensure the protection of this human dignity, we have committed this function to the State Council of the Imperial Federation.

And beyond, even on top of all this, is the British people, who had never let their freedoms be overwhelmed ... "

-Winston Churchill.

Decrees of the King-Emperor Edward VIII and Prime Minister Louis Alexander Mountbatten, with the approval of the House of Lords (dominated by the Social Aristocracy), commanders of the armed forces and the State Council.

Article N.1: Declare dissolved the House of Commons and the House of Lords in the Imperial Parliament.

Article N.2: The State Council will replace the functions of the Imperial Parliament until the State of Emergency is annulled.

New members of the State Council will be appointed from among the military and members of the Houses of Lords.

Article N.3: The disclosure by oral press, written or radio broadcasting, of any type of comment, information, recording or document that directly or indirectly, may disturb the tranquility and public order, or that mentions or refers to the provisions by this Decree, as a dictatorial proposal from the authorities.