Cultural changes and happy christmas (July-September, 1923)
As mentioned before, the Russian civil war has an important cultural legacy within the Russian Empire, both in the short-medium term (the first half of the 20th century, with a very direct influence on Russian society) and in the long term (the second half of the 20th century, where the influence is more indirect).
In response to the immediate legacy of the Russian civil war, the genre Istern (Eastern) emerged within literary works and films, about fighting between Loyalist troops and Directorate forces throughout the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Far East.
The first Istern of the Russian Empire was the film 'Icy Land', which came out in 1924. But its particular origins (and therefore the origins of the genre) come from a few years before the aforementioned date.
Origins closely intertwined between truth, folk stories, and the influence of cultural policies in imperial Russia at this time.
Around 1923, with imperial policies searching to avoid the bad legacy of the Directorate of Admiral Alexander V. Kolchak, various cultural products emerged that marked entire generations, even more than 100 years later.
Among these policies is the cult that developed around figures from the Russian Civil War.
Some notable officers who had attained popular hero status rose to almost semi-mythical figures (mythological heroes in the modern world, seen from a certain point of view).
These heroes (mostly men who had served in the Second Great War and later in the Russian Civil War) were real military men with their particular characteristics, but later became central figures in elements of Russian culture or propaganda.
* Although we should not underestimate the achievements of the figures of this time (or their appearance in inter-war propaganda), the great fame of commanders such as Zhukov, Tukhachevsky or Rokossovsky among others came between the 30s-40s (and post-WW3 period), more because of the Third World War than because of the Russian civil war.
A central figure in these cultural developments was the writer Dmitriy Andreyevich Furmanov, whose work essentially helped shape the new government policies in Russian culture.
Furmanov cemented the fame of several commanders of the Russian civil war, heroic and gallant senior commanders with glorious lives (or deaths), war and love stories, among other various elements. Characters and elements relevant cultural pieces from then on.
It is the work of Furmanov, which gives rise to the Istern genre, due to a particular work of Furmanov. His works on Vasily Ivanovich Chapayev (or Chapaev, or even Chepayev), a figure that would be the basis for many leading characters of the Istern genre.
Chapayev was a sergeant and later commander of a motorized division of common origin, characterized in particular by his bravery and support to the infantry of the Russian army during the war against the Directorate of Central Siberia.
He had his troubles with Furmanov himself, but the two got to know each other well and reconciled (which certainly helped Chapayev's semi-legendary status).
Chapayev's death remains mostly a mystery, but it is clear that he has a long legacy within modern Russian tradition.
To the point is that the spirit of Suvorov (a kind of culture within the armed forces of the Russian Empire after Romeyko-Gurko and Skobelev), the 'spirit of Chapayev' was added, visible in war songs, propaganda and slogans as : "We fight hard, we strike furiously - Grandsons of Suvorov, children of Chapayev!" and "Chapayev is with us!"
In 1923-1924, Furmanov put out two books: "Chapayev" (simply the story of Chapayev) and "Days and Nights at the Civil War Front" (a collection of several stories of different figures in the Civil War).
These books cemented the first heroes of the new cultural policies of the central government, and gave rise to the Eastern genre within Russian literature.
Essentially these books were both real elements and fictional-fictional elements, coming from a mixture of real life and folk stories or exaggerations. Giving rise to the elements and characteristics that later gave rise to the Istern in the cinema.
Mosfilm took advantage of these moments, launching itself to fame thanks to the end of the Russian civil war.
During the war they produced propaganda, which gave them stability and more access to the population. In the post-war period they began to take the development of more materials to maintain the success that they had had during this period.
This was achieved thanks to the new cultural policies of the central government, and Furmanov's departure from the job. Giving rise to the Istern genre less than a year later, when Icy Land came out in 1924.
Between 1924-1934, Mosfilm and other Russian companies released a great number of films of this genre, of which the most popular was 'Chapayev' (adaptation of Furmanov's play).
Seen by more than 40 million people shortly after its premiere, supported by the new cult of civil war heroes, the quality of the film, and the socio-economic and politic situation of the Russian Empire at the time.
The Istern and the figures of Chapayev, Bubenets, Furnamov, Kutyakov, among others, remained highly relevant in Russian culture until the 40s, the 50s and at last, the 60s.
In the post-WW3 period, while the Istern was still popular, the figures of the Russian civil war began to be replaced by the Russian generals of the Third World War and audiences were already beginning to tire of the numerous films of the genre.
And finally between the 50s and 60s, with the space fever and science fiction fever in Russia, the Istern 'died'. The figures in it remained relevant up to a point, but not with the force of before.
Later when the Istern expanded into other Covenant nations like Persia/Iran and the era of video games became more popular, the genre had a certain comeback.
But we could debate whether it was as popular as before.
(It is basically the genre that a father likes to watch, either because they grew up with it as children or because it is what they see on television at night, like the Western in America).
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[Culture: The Bear and the Dragons, Russian and Chinese people]
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Some of the first Chinese recruits to serve in the armed forces of the Russian Empire in Inner Manchuria, during the governorship of Nicholas Alexandrovich Romanov.
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First Chinese unit of Petrograd, during the Russian Civil War era.
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Hungarian soldiers of the 3rd International Rifle Astrakhan Regiment, who did fight during the Russian Civil War era.
Many people do not know the history of foreigners who participated in the Russian Civil War (they are often forgot, or a footnote at 'best').
Tens of thousands of foreigners served in the Covenant armed forces or in voluntary regiments of the armed forces of the Russian Empire.
In particular we speak of tens of thousands of Hungarian, Bulgarian, Romanian and Chinese volunteers from the northern Chinese states. In particular, the regiments made up of Chinese volunteers (generally of the Han ethnic group) and Hungarian volunteers stood out.
Particular is the case of the Chinese as influence later on, since the relations between the Russian Empire and the northern Chinese states began to change considerably after the Russian civil war, developing towards greater benefits for the Russian geo-political objectives and the economic-political development of the countries of the Covenant of Nations in the region.
For this, one must understand the relationships between "Chinese" citizens in Russia (not necessarily Han Chinese, but simply different ethnic groups from states considered Chinese) and various factors like the various characters and background of this Chinese groups, the national economy of Russia, state politics and more.
Russia had a considerable national workforce of indigenous peoples of the territory that comprised it, but there were also descendants of old immigrants and there were numerous newcomer workers, coming from the members of the Covenant of Nations.
Because of this by the 1900s (between 1902 and 1903), the Russian Empire had a population of 200,000 Chinese, and by the 1910s (1914-1917) this number had reached 400,000. The number only increased greatly in the 1920s because of the annexation of Inner Mongolia (where in the XXI century live around 18,000,000 Chinese-Han people, citizens of the Russian Empire).
Demographic concerns or the Yellow Peril were not issues that terrified most of Russia, unlike other white or European countries of the time.
Demographically, the presence of Chinese groups in Russia, although it has grown considerably at various times throughout the 20th or 21st century, is still very small compared to other Asian populations native to Russia (such as Koreans, more than 70,000,000 people).
The number of Chinese in the Russian Empire remains 'small' compared to the demographic dynamism that the Russian Empire reached in later decades (when the Russian Empire reached one billion inhabitants).
However the contribution of the Chinese and Old China is invaluable to the Russian Empire, not only in a matter of occasional manpower, but for other particular advances. The idea of China as a civilization and its achievements were a particular inspiration for Tsar Alexander III and Tsar Nicholas II.
We can see this in the developments of national porcelain in Russia (supported by Chinese immigrants), the influence of the Chinese population on the cultivation of tea in Russia, and more importantly, concepts like the New Silk Road (obviously inspired on the commercial route that once reached China).
The Russian Empire by looking back in the history of Eurasia (more specifically to old empires such as Rome, the Mongol Empire and the Chinese dynasties) make its particular 'niche', in what geopolitical analysts of the time defined as Heartland (the Geographical Pivot theory of History).
But maybe we are getting too distracted from other topics.
As mentioned above, in terms of geopolitics, the Russian civil war effectively cemented the interests of the Russian Empire in the northern states.
During the Russian civil war, the armed forces of the Russian Empire were avoiding the possibility of rebellion in the region and guaranteed the stability of allied governments (related and loyal to the Covenant of Nations, therefore to the interests of Russia). And as mentioned, despite possible national vendettas, there were actually a considerable number of Chinese who were part of the Russian forces in the civil war (more than 70,000).
Not only this, but after Russian activities in the region and the Russian civil war, the Russian Empire annexed the Inner Mongolia region through a referendum (accepted as legal by observers and Covenant members), giving it an important 'window' for further expansions to the rest of the northern states.
Not national-territorial expansions, the Russian Empire was not sure that annexing more northern countries was a good idea (after all annexing millions more Chinese could be more complicated than beneficial.
In addition, there were always other forms of bilateral control and cooperation, which is precisely what the Russian Empire of Nicholas II focused on at the moment.
Russia's proposal to the northern Chinese states was straightforward, Russia would support the 'security' (political and military action) of the established governments and economic cooperation, which would eventually increase mutual benefits (boosting the economy of the Chinese states allied with Russia in the 1950-1960s to the 1980s).
(OOC: Essentially the northern Chinese states are for Russia, what are South Korea and Japan for the United States)
There was also a certain bilateral cultural influence that began to emerge after the Russian civil war, partly from the creation of Han autonomy in Russian Inner Mongolia and partly from the Russian Empire's cultural cooperation with Chinese personalities or their subordinate-allied Chinese states.
Natural processes of cultural exchange between nearby regions and countries, functionally the Russian Empire was an almost totally continuous empire with numerous ethnic groups and the growing infrastructure and dynamism to support it (and so it was the Covenant of Nations, almost totally continuous), so this type of situation of cultural exchange even among different countries is not especially rare, at least from a modern point of view (and is a possible factor of the first times of globalization).
An example is how Russian fashion began to infiltrate the northern states, with the role that Russia played in their construction.
Hats are possibly the most developed sector of the fashion and design industry in the Russian Empire, the reasons for the popularity of Russian hats in the Russosphere are actually a bit confusing or unclear.
Probably the most popular Russian hat (or known outside of Russia) is the ushanka-hat (ша́пка-уша́нка) or simply ushanka (ушанка).
A hat that has its name due to its 'ears' (у́ши). The origins of the Ushanka are debated, as there were already several hats with ears in the Russian Empire:
* The ushanka (ушанка) of the Vladimir region.
* Ushanya (уша́нья).
* Kapelyukh (капелюх)
* Malakhai (малахай, large hat of fur with ears)
* Kuchma (кучма)
* Uushatka (Ууша́тка, from the Vyatka region).
* Similar hats also existed in regions of the Baltic and Finland.
But it is known about the origin of its popularity, when Aleksey A. Brusilov, minister of war of the Russian Empire, instituted his reform of the Udarnyye Voyska (ударные войска, shock troops) in 1917, the 'Brusilov Hat' became very popular among the same.
This hat is essentially the modern ushanka, which began to become popular from 1917 onwards (with its first meltdown during the civil conflict in the Russian Empire).
In essence, the popularity of the ushanka skyrocketed among the Russian armed forces and as a consequence, in part of the Covenant armed forces (becoming official between the 30s and 40s), until it also became popular to some extent in the civilian population.
In the northern states of China, the ushanka became a standard, especially for the regions bordering the aforementioned Russian Empire. Where it can get cold at night or in certain seasons.
At national level, the ushanka is traditional in the Russian armed forces and several of its peoples, for example it is part of local fashions among Asian groups such as the Han Chinese, the Mongol peoples of Russia, Koreans, and Kazakhs.
While fashion is an aspect that may be overlooked by many, it is another of several assets that are 'culture' and the northern states after the civil war began to be more receptive to Russian cultural aspects.
A later example is Russian film-television and its popularity in several of the Covenant of Nations countries, which of course include the Northern Chinese states.
In terms of Chinese influence in the Russian Empire, apart from the aforementioned influence and certain aspects of the gigantic empire (Chinese architecture in Han regions such as the aforementioned Inner Mongolia or Chinese gastronomy in Russia), there are other aspects originating in China or in Chinese people in the Russian Empire.
Such as the work of Mao Zemin's New Silk Road Construction Corporation (NSRCC) or Mao Zedong's influence on the cinema and entertainment industry in Russia (with works such as Жемчуг Дракона / Zhemchug Drakona or Dragon Ball - originally inspired for Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West and which later inspired the Manhwa or Korean comic - or the Batman of Shanghai - one of the first alternate versions of the Russian character).
*******
[VDNKh]
Due to multiple international situations, a world fair (in modern times known as Universal Exhibition or World Expo) had not been held in years.
Either because the great powers were at war with each other, or facing various civil problems, or perhaps other problems in the economy and international diplomacy.
A shame, since this meant a loss for the development of cultural understandings and bilateral relations ... and also a loss of opportunities to show off.
Russian industrialization was marked in particular by a world fair, carried out by the government of Tsar Alexander III, demonstrating that Russia was no longer so far behind industrially, compared to other European countries or the United States.
Tsar Nicholas II and Premier Stalin solved this, tackling numerous problems at once.
In a national propaganda effort and promoting the economic reconstruction of the post-civil war period, the creation of the Vystavka Dostizheniy Narodnogo Khozyaystva (Выставка достижений народного хозяйства / Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy) was approved.
This Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy officially opened on August 19, 1923, in a total area of 700 hectares between what is now the Ostankino Park and the Tsytsin Main Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences.
What was the goal of the VDNKh?
Well, as mentioned, the Russian government intended to attack numerous issues at once through this project.
Officially the VDNKh is a national exhibition open almost all year round for educational and tourist purposes, since through this exhibition the achievements of development in the Russian Empire could be observed (agricultural results, industry results, technological advances, artistic trends, etc).
In short, one could see technological-economic advances and artistic-cultural trends of the Russian Empire through this institution, and its various national pavilions.
But not only this, it also functioned as a kind of propaganda against ideals seen as 'anti-Russian' or against the Russian state.
Through this project the Russian Empire attacked separatism, promoting once again the identity of multicultural and multi-ethnic cooperation of the Russian Empire, attacking the backward ideals or ideals against the economic-social progress of the Russian Empire (racism, sexism and enemies of the state such as the Directorate) and obviously supported the continuation of developments at the local-national level, making the Russian people more aware of important advances in the Russian Empire.
In the beginning (1923-1924) the number of VDNKh buildings, including auxiliary buildings, was around 255 (a number that has changed over time) and there were more than 600 foreign companies (members of the Covenant of Nations) also participating in the exhibition.
A national exhibition that had more than 15 million visitors, making the first national exhibition a considerable success.
The original exhibition also featured the following pavilions or particular exhibits:
1- Arch of the main entrance.
2-Main Pavilion.
3-Moscow and Central Regions Pavilion.
4-Siberian Pavilion.
5-Far Eastern Pavilion.
6-North Caucasus Pavilion.
7-Internal Trade Pavilion.
8-Russian Arctic Pavilion.
9-Azerbaijan Pavilion.
10-Armenian Pavilion.
11-Polish Pavilion.
12-Belarusian Pavilion.
13-Georgian Pavilion.
14-Kazakh Pavilion.
15-Kyrgyz Pavilion.
16- Tajik Pavilion.
17-Turkmen Pavilion.
18-Uzbek Pavilion.
19-Ukrainian Pavilion.
20-Finnish-Karelian Pavilion.
21-Mongolian Pavilion.
22-Moldovan Pavilion.
23-Estonian Pavilion.
24-Lithuanian Pavilion.
25-Latvian Pavilion.
26-Native American Pavilion (or Alyaska Pavilion).
27-Manchurian Pavilion.
28-Transport Pavilion.
29-Livestock, Veterinary and Breeding Pavilion.
30-Agriculture Pavilion.
31-Energy Industry Pavilion.
32- Liquor Pavilion. (OOC: Seriously, apparently the first exhibition of the Soviet VDNKh had an exhibition with the name liquor.)
33- Mechanization and Technology Pavilion.
34- Pavilion of the Pioneers of the Russian Empire.
* Various restaurants, theaters, ponds, various recreation areas and cafes.
* Various pavilions dedicated to sectors or minor productions such as hides, beer, tobacco, sugar, gardening, etc.
* Various exhibitions related to public-private companies or projects within the Covenant of Nations.
As can be seen, the grand exhibition was a success for many of the Russian state's objectives and its cooperation with strategic allies.
It wasn't like the Russian Empire revealed all its secrets to the public of course, but it did help national pride and demonstrate the various advances the Russian Empire had during this post-civil war era.
It was part of a brilliant new era of the Russian Empire.
The VDNKh however had its ups and downs:
1920s-1937: When the VDNKh was created and the period before the Third World War, laying the foundations for this national fair.
1950s-1960s: The great post-WWIII economic period, some major breakthroughs, and the space fever of the Russian Empire.
1980s-1990s: Period of the popularity of the 'Cult' of cybernetics, computers and video games.
2010s-2020s: The period of the "Revival" project.
*******
[The Balkans]
Tsar Nicholas II carefully observed reports coming from the KGB and / or the Okhrana, regarding the security matters of the Covenant of Nations.
In particular about a constant stone in the shoe of the Russian Empire: Greece.
Numerous times the Russian Empire had tried to help or crush Greece, with no positive long-term results.
Now the situation was complicated again, in the south was the Dictatorship of the Peloponnese, led by British allies, and to the north were the chaotic and mountainous territories of leftist guerrillas.
Both were problematic, the first for representing a geopolitical threat due to its British alignment and its ideas related to the Social Aristocracy, in direct conflict with the Covenant.
The second for being a chaotic scenario on the borders of the Covenant, and promoting the mobilization of communist groups in the Balkans, precisely the communists who were not more pro-Russian.
Now the Italians were lending support to the Greek Communists, who in turn were trying to influence communist groups in Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Albania (promoting the creation of a communist federation or confederation in the Balkans in opposition to capitalism).
"Trying to control all the Balkans is becoming more and more problematic." Tsar Nicholas II indicated with annoyance.
"For now we cannot intervene in Greece directly, we would draw the attention of the other great powers. In particular the Imperial Federation and Red Italy, which would be costly on the geopolitical stage." Premier Stalin mentioned, thinking of maintaining a pacifying stance, at least for the moment.
"You are right, and if we must support one side it must be the Greeks of the North. Their objectives align much more with ours and they are not friendly towards the British. Unfortunately, their opinions are not very positive towards us either." Interior Minister Felix Dzerzhinsky adds to the premier's position.
"The problem with intervening or supporting one side, is that we must also manage the interests of Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria in the region, if we really want to deal with the problems ..." Tsar Nicholas II exclaims with concern and a certain headache . "Is there a way to de-radicalize the Greeks?"
"Possibly, but we don't know if it could work or not. We have intelligence in the region, but the civil war is a complex situation and the northern Greeks don't trust us much as long-term allies." Premier Stalin reports.
"Why have I gone back to work." Tsar Nicholas II jokes with a bit of irony.
"It's good to have you back here." Premier Stalin and his companions claim, to which the Tsar smiles politely.
Unfortunately the Russian Empire could not fully handle the Greek question due to various factors, mainly among its Balkan allies.
Mainly including Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania, and to a lesser extent Albania, Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
* Serbia was seeking the annexation of Montenegro to the Serbian crown, now that the Montenegrin monarchy was hanging by a thread.
There was also the possibility that after Montenegro, Serbia would seek to secure her interests in Albania (Kosovo) or the Serbian parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
* Romania was now in a relatively favorable situation after the marriage of Grand Duchess Maria and Prince Nicholas (a couple who would expect a baby from September 6 onwards), competing for influence in the new situations of the Russian court.
However, the Kingdom of Romania still had internal problems, and Romania's position caused the competition between this country and its Slavic neighbors (Serbia and Bulgaria) to increase considerably.
* Bulgaria had grown to be a considerable Balkan giant very attached to Russia, which made Bulgaria compete for greater influence in the Balkans and the Covenant, compared to Serbia and Romania.
In particular Bulgaria finally wanted the situation in North Macedonia to be resolved, perhaps for it to become an autonomous entity within Bulgaria.
* Bosnia, Albania and Macedonia had border problems (Bosnia with Croatia-Slovenia in the north, and Albania and Macedonia with Greek chaos in the north), which generated various situations.
Bosnia had to deal with future World War III offensives, but it was difficult to know if they would rise to the challenge.
And because of the Greek communists, the Macedonian communist groups were making a comeback, while the Albanian communists were advancing towards unification (partly strengthened after the fall of the monarchy that established a 'bourgeois republic' in socialist terms).
A complicated and light balance ...
The situation did not improve either, the Bulgarian-Macedonian communist groups (mostly young communists, who learned a bit from the failures of the first Macedonian communist revolution) started an 'Exodus' between 20 and 26 September.
This exodus allowed them to meet and reorganize alongside their Greek communist comrades in northern Greece, mostly out of reach and possible repercussions from the Russian state and the Covenant.
Tsar Nicholas II had to carefully plan what he wanted to do, it was clear that trying to control the various Balkan factions even with an economic development approach would not be enough.
Russian and Covenant influence could maintain peace on a large scale in economic, political and military spheres, but incidents of all kinds or dangerous movements could upset the social order established by the Russosphere.
The problems had to be solved at the root, perhaps even, unfortunately, having to eliminate part of what Russia had built ...
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[International]
July 1, the Imperial Federation launches the Exclusion Immigration Act, which prohibited or limited almost all forms of immigration from 'unwanted countries' to the Imperial Federation.
Mainly it limited immigration from Asian regions (such as China) to the Imperial Federation, but it also limited the immigration of citizens of geopolitical enemies of the Imperial Federation (a measure designed to limit the number of possible spies, and for ideological reasons such as racism against certain groups).
The European Socialist Union accepts a budget for new projects, mainly against 'anti-proletarian ideologies' and some reconstruction after the first phase of Troubled Times.
Unfortunately it was only enough to put France back in order, but its economic decline within the ESU was inevitable and without brakes.
July 4, the American Ku Klux Klan holds its largest rally in history up to that time, gathering 2,000,000 members between the Midwestern and New England territories, all congregating in the state of Indiana.
An abhorrent date for many decent Americans.
By this time the KKK continued to rise, gathering more than 6 million members or supporters (more if we count its coalition with other groups such as the Silver Legion of America).
July 8, with the Second Great War having left its mark on part of Czechoslovakia, woman deputy Betta Kerpiskova proposed a law that would make bigamy mandatory (as it required all men to take two wives as a means of replenishing the population lost in the years of the war).
For obvious reasons this law was never made official (wives of the deputies shouted down the proposal from the gallery and one speaker said Czechoslovakia would face ridicule around the world, if such a law came into effect).
(OOC: This apparently happened OTL and it made me laugh).
The Japanese writer Takeo Arishima dies in combat against the armed forces of the Japanese dictatorship.
Takeo Arishima was the son of a petty bourgeois family (son of an officer and ex-samurai, with at least one tenant farm) and for some time an officer of the IJA (a short time in 1901).
After his trip abroad in 1903 he was influenced by socialist philosophy, leading him to join the Japanese socialist forces.
Although of course there are criticisms of Takeo Arishima's work, it is quite an important legacy, he was a novelist and social philosopher-social critic, characterized by his detailed diaries (more than 20 volumes) from this period of Japanese history, and so is an important read to understand part of the conflict in Japan at the time.
He is also the father Masayuki Mori, an important figure in the golden age of Japanese cinema in the post-WW3 world.
July 13, the "Hollywoodland" sign is officially dedicated.
The sign was built as a kind of landmark to increase the value of the land (real estate), but it became very popular.
After 1941 it became what is most recognizable today, the Hollywood sign, one of the trademarks of the American film industry.
The first dinosaur eggs are discovered in the Red Cliffs (Улаан Эрэг), located in the Ömnögovi oblast (Russian Outer Mongolia) and where this part of the Gobi desert.
From here on the Red Cliffs and some other territories are important centers when it comes to the discovery of fossil remains.
July 15, reforms of the government of General Secretary Togliatti in socialist Italy mark the continuous consolidation of hard-line communists in the political-social sphere of the country.
The Party plays a vital role in the governmental and ideological direction of the government and the population (which is educated or re-educated according to Party lines), supported by other reforms such as the formation of the Italian Consigli (Councils) for the idea of labor-socialist democracy in Italy, educational reforms, re-education camps / work camps, various national programs and organizations such as the Partisans.
The Party and the Consigli follow the lines of thinkers such as Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Karl Liebknecht, Palmiro Togliatti and Antonio Gramsci. Like the so-called Democratic Centralism.
(OOC: Essentially a greater 'Sovietization' of Italy).
July 18, the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy begins a process of re-organization, in general all the 'communes' and other structures seen as problematic-redundant or out of line, are simply transformed into Socialist Republics or Autonomous Socialist Republics.
These new administrative divisions are characterized by an ethno-cultural group or a geographical characteristic of the regions that make up the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy.
The clearest example is the Autonomous Socialist Republic of Südtirol, a semi-autonomous administrative entity for the mostly German-speaking South Tyrol.
July 20-23, the social-democratic wing (moderates) of the S-CPUSA calls the socialist parties of the world for a conference to promote international disarmament and other international peace measures, such as the creation of a League of Nations (seeing the possibility of a Third Great War as catastrophic).
The attempt is not very successful or popular outside of moderate labor groups.
The position of the S-CPUSA during this period (until 1924) was dominated by Social-Democrats or more moderate members, which actually resulted in some loss of popularity for the S-CPUSA in the short term.
After 1924, the position of the S-CPUSA was dominated by more militant and radical leftist wings, part of the socio-economic tension that existed in the United States at this time.
July 26, President Henry Ford becomes the first American president to visit Canada.
July 29, the "Kommunistischer Samstag" and "Kommunistischer Sonntag" are officially established in the Free Republic of Germany.
These words are translated as Communist Saturday and Communist Sunday, a kind of celebration originating in Red Germany, where voluntary and unpaid work is done on the weekends.
These events became famous and spread through the European Socialist Union after 1923-1924, due to Karl Liebknecht's participation in such events (before his retirement).
August 5, the lawyer and independent politician Albert Baird Cummins proposes the need for a constitutional reform, where the term of a president is limited to a single term.
"Human frailities are too great to stand the strain which the presidency places on a man ... We should limit the President to one term. It might be made a six year term, but I am not so sure about that even."
- Said by Cummins.
This was an obvious response to Fordist ambitions for a third presidential term, which was widely controversial or difficult at the time.
August 9, the younger generations of communists in the Free Republic of Germany and Federative Socialist Republic of Italy begin to analyze the New Economic Policy developed by Vladimir Lenin.
Some say that the NEP should be abolished, others believe that it has not gone too far or that it needs certain reforms.
The consensus up to this issue only comes with the succession of Karl Liebknecht and other subsequent events, such as the post-WW3 period in socialist Europe.
August 13, the economy of the Prussian Republic of Germany begins to give more and more to British pressure and influence.
The Imperial Federation de-facto takes control over the majority of East German industries and now guides these markets.
Unsurprisingly, with Keynes's reforms and other British internal affairs, the Imperial Federation's economic policy must take precedence over its small allies (so that they are ready for the next great war).
British policy in Prussian Germany inaugurates reforms with which Prussian Germany will recover part of the old Prussian militarism, aligning itself with the Social Aristocracy (Sweden, Norway and other groups) to attack British enemies in Continental Europe (the European Socialist Union and the Covenant of Nations, preferably separately but quickly and decisively).
August 17, the dictatorship of Gregorio del Pilar in the Philippines continues to increase its militaristic state apparatus along the lines established by the British Empire, with successes in subjugating the majority of rebel foci in British Indonesia (which functions as a condominium of the British sphere of influence).
The Philippines of Gregorio del Pilar has eyes beyond Indonesia (which is an important geo-strategic and economic point for the Imperial Federation and the Philippines, its ally-puppet), like the Japanese Vietnam.
But for the moment it is better to wait ... the war machine of the Imperial Federation and its allies continues to prepare for what will be World War III, more than a decade in the future.
August 19, progress in the West German energy industry is somewhat compromised, as the industry of the Free Republic of Germany increases (now that they are de-facto leaders of the European Socialist Union) it is clear that they need more resources (for now they have the coal of the Ruhr, but even that could not be enough for their aspirations).
Resources that are not as available in Socialist Europe, whose industrial machine depended on colonial empires (France and Germany after taking a lot of the Dutch colonial empire) or was not so big/collapsed in part during the revolutions (Spain and Italy).
Oil, natural gas and other raw materials are mainly needed.
For these reasons, the strategic alliance between Russia and Socialist Europe lasted for so long.
Although not always giving good results due to various factors, or changing geostrategic interests.
August 22, 5000 Moroccans trained and located in the Union of Iberian Socialist Republics join the Communist Party of Morocco (الحزب الشيوعي المغربي) as part of its 'militant wing' (all the party is kinda militant since its part of an anti-colonial struggle, but not all members have the same role in futures wars).
Communist groups supported by the European Socialist Union have not had much time to shine yet, but they will be part of partisan resistance movements on various fronts in World War III.
August 27, Italian volunteers (Partisans who served under Benito Mussolini) are going to support the communist forces in Greeks, being a very important support for future Balkan communist movements.
September 1, occurs the devastating Kanto earthquake or Great Kanto Earthquake, where a natural disaster with a magnitude of 7.9 on the Richter scale hits Japan minutes before noon.
120,000 people lost their lives from the event, 2 million people died and half of the city of Tokyo was destroyed in the event.
This natural disaster is possibly another factor that contributed to the instability of Japan at the time, going through a dictatorship and pronounced civil conflicts.
The great earthquake further altered the situation of Japanese society due to the loss of life, destruction and worsening of the conditions of some people.
Which weighed on the Japanese civic-military dictatorship and led to discontent that had its impacts on later developments in the history of Japan.
September 2, the Black-Red Front led by Manfred von Richthofen and the Strasser brothers gathers more than 1 million people in Berlin for a great nationalist march.
The Front calls this German Day, a kind of date to commemorate the 'rebirth of a great Germany', in essence a march to animate the nationalist spirits of the Prussian Republic of Germany.
The popularity of Richthofen and the Strassers continues to rise, already at the time it was considered that the Front would win the next national election (or the election after it).
September 6, Grand Duchess Maria of Russia becomes pregnant.
September 8, the 'Honda Point disaster' occurs in the United States, where seven destroyers sink off the coast of California and 23 sailors die.
One of the worst peacetime accidents in the history of the US Navy.
September 12, the government of the Imperial Federation accepts the holding of referendums to decide whether the white population of its South African colonies favors the unification of some territories.
The first referendum takes place in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and is favorable, later a referendum with similar results takes place in Bechuanaland Protectorate (Botswana).
Considerably increasing the size of the state of South Africa (member of the Imperial Federation) and the power of the white political-commercial elite in the region.
This was a more pragmatic decision than it seems, although the number of "troublesome" African natives increased, so did the amount of resources and economic assets useful for the reforms of the Imperial Federation.
September 16, the Amakasu incident occurs, where Lieutenant Amakasu Masahiko of the military police causes the death of at least two prominent leftists and a small child (beaten to death and subsequently thrown into a well).
The scandal was a turning point in the social situation of Japan at that time, the abuses of the civic-military dictatorship were common, but the death of a small child and this scandal after the Great Kanto Earthquake aggravated the symptoms of the Japanese problems.
Dissident groups (opponents of the dictatorship) gain considerable strength after the Amakasu incident.
September 18, New York City newspapers are paralyzed by a journalistic strike.
September 19, the General Staff of the Imperial Federation begins to think and analyze HOW the next great war will be, analyzing the previous two to try to find out how the next one could be.
Of course it was known that it would be an industrial war, but there were other important factors and developments that would influence what the war would look like for its various participants.
September 20-26, exodus of Bulgarian-Macedonian communists to northern Greece.
September 30, paramilitary units loyal to Manfred von Richthofen took the city of Küstrin and its surroundings, a position located east of Berlin.
Conservative authorities were afraid that the radical nationalist Richthofen would launch a coup, but the Red-Black Front did not budge.
The situation was uncomfortable or tense, but it was clear that the German ultra-nationalists were progressively in control.