Constitution of India
Preamble to the Constitution
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, that is BHARAT, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-seventh day of September, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
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(27th September 1949)
After a little over two years since freedom, India finally got its constitution.
Passed by a total of 298 out of 362 members(299 MPs of Parliament of India, 17 industrialists, 30 scientists, 1 Prime Minister, and 15 selected representatives from previous PoI¹ region(Runner-ups for elections, 10 from BJS, 5 from INC)), the constitution was finally adopted, and implemented after a total of 8,732 amendments to the initial draft.
It defines the structure and powers of the government, and the people.
The most important parts are:
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
1. Right to Equality:
-It establishes every citizen of the country as equal, be it man, woman, or intersex.
-Everyone is Equal under Law.
-It abolishes Untouchability.
-Abolishment of Titles
-Equal Opportunities: It establishes equal opportunity for everyone in all fields. Atleast 90% of seats in all government and private institutions should be equal competition.
-Special Care: It establishes that people who have faced social injustice like untouchability, and tribal population, to have a maximum of 10% reservation in some fields.
2. Right to Freedom:
-Freedom of Speech and Expression
-Freedom of Assembly
-Freedom of Movement
-Freedom of Association
In all cases, there is a limitation that any action that causes danger to the society won't be considered under Right to Freedom. Examples: Inciting violence, assembling armed people, damaging public property, riots, etc.
3. Right to Education
-Compulsory Education to Children from the age of 6 to 14, until 8th grade.
-Learning Vocational subjects, atleast 1 sport, Constitution Guidebook, Moral Education
-Public Library in every district, open to everyone, with necessary textbooks for government exams
-No capital punishment in any educational institution
-No brainwashing by forcing kids to memorise texts
4. Right Against Exploitation
-Prohibition of Human Trafficking
-Prohibition of Forced Labour, Slavery
-Prohibition of Child Labour below the age of 15 in hazardous jobs like mines, factories, etc.
-Prohibition of Forced Conversions, Conversions through Marriage, Conversions through Deception, etc.
-Prohibition on overtime without bonus pay. Any person can't be forced to work overtime.
-Prohibition on overpricing of medicines more than 100% of its producing cost. The recovering of capital spent for R&D can be done by specifying extra cost for no more than 5 years, and no more than 100% of the MRP.
5. Right to Religion
-Freedom to follow any religion of choice
-Freedom to convert to any other religion. But it must be done without the influence of any other person or item, be it spouse, family, friends, religious figure, or money.
-Trying to convert anyone is a punishable crime
-Rules and regulations of religion that go against the Constitution are null and void.
-Peaceful religious processions are allowed, but only after permission from the district police head's permission.
-Use of loudspeakers, blocking public transportation, and causing discomfort to the neighbourhood are strictly prohibited. However, exceptions on loudspeakers, and using atmost half of the public transport system during processions is allowed on permission of the district head.
-No place for religious institutions in education, health, etc.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies
-Courts has the jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental Rights
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Then, there are
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
1. To abide by the Constitution, respect the National Flag and National Anthem.
2. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
3. To defend the country and render national service when called to do so.
4. To promote harmony and spirit of brotherhood amongst all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, regional or sectional diversities.
5. To develop scientific temper, and spirit of inquiry and reform.
6. Keeping away from Extreme Capitalism and Extreme Communism.
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The constitution also describes various institutions, like:
1. President : President is the Representative Head of the country. He/She/Hse² is a person that doesn't belong to any political party, and coordinates between the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary.
Age requirements: 35-70
2. Prime Minister: Prime Minister is the Head of the Executive. A Prime Minister candidate must be declared before the elections, and the elections for the Prime Minister takes place alongside the Lok Sabha elections. The PM candidate with most popular vote must gain the majority in the Lok Sabha. And he must have one a seat in Lok Sabha in the previous election.
Age requirements: 30-70
3. Political Party: A political party is a democratic institution which contests elections. A political party needs to keep its agenda, finance, records of members, election for positions, and sources of donations completely transparent. It can't force its members to vote for the options decided by the leadership in the anonymous voting in a legislative session.
4. Legislature:
Centre: Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha
State: Vidhan Sabha
District: Panchayat, Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation
In a season, less than 85% attendance will lead to reduction of salary by 50% and a warning. Less than 75% percent attendance will lead to expulsion.
5. Executive:
Centre: PM> Cabinet Ministers
State: CM> Council of Ministers
6. Judiciary
Supreme Court>High Courts>District Courts
Corporate Courts
7. Election Commission
8. NIA
9. CBI
10. ED
11. CEAI (Central Education Authority of India)
etc.
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Now, the Constitution was adopted, and it also came into force the same day.
The first Lok Sabha Elections, and all the state elections, are scheduled in April of 1950.