1 Cybernetics and its applications: the cybernetics

The American mathematician Norbert Wiener after studying at Harvard University perfected himself in Europe at the University of Cambridge and at the University of Göttingen . In 1915, he returned to the United States to become a professor at the University. In 1933, he received the Bôcher Prize, which rewarded his mathematical publications. In 1948 , he published his book " Cybernetics, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine " and in 1952 " The Human Use of Human Beings ". His theories on Cybernetics will upset the world of the twentieth century.

The developed concept of cybernetics is based on the control of living or non-living systems . Control is exercised through the management of information systems in feedback . Currently in industrialized countries, the implementation of the robotization of production, delivery with drones, autonomous car, e-commerce rely on the control of information flows conveyed by computer networks and processed by computers. Mastery of complex information systems is increasingly based on artificial intelligence ( AI ) programs.

The development of self-regulated automata is based on the principle of information processing. At a given situation transmitted by a sensor network, a program performs an analysis of the data and it triggers an action as the expected response.

In 1912 , American engineers John Hammond and Benjamin Franklin Miessner studied the scientific work of the German biologist Jacques Loeb . His work guided the development of an "electric dog " equipped with a sensor to direct it towards the light sources.